GIFT  OF 


GIFT 

AUG     7     1918 

Library 
Bureau  of 

Rai  Iway 
Economics  ..  >  .':,:,  '. 

'.'-: 
••••    •   •a>^Vj 

A  Li  pt    of  References   to   Articles   on 
WHITER  SERVICE  ON  \RAILROADS 

0 

CONSENTS:  - 

I0  Maintenance  of  way  in  winter  in  the 

United  States  „,..,.,  ..............  PP  -I"20  * 

General  discussions  of  problems 
and  methods.,  .«.,„..«  ..........  ..pp.  1-4. 

Track  protection  methods  in  detailpp.5-11* 
Snow  fences  .....  *  ................  pp-5-6* 

Snow  hedges*.  »•••»•*».<•«•••»«  ««»-pp*6-7» 
Snow  sheds-.*  .......  .....  »  .....  ,,pp.7-ll. 

Miscellaneous  methods.  *.*.•••<«••?*  .11  • 
Care  of  V/ater  Stations  ...........  pp.11-12. 

Switches  ..  ..........  .*.%*••»••  »».pp*l2-15, 

Yards,  Terminals,  etc  .  »  *  .  ..........  PP  *15-20» 

II.  Operation  of  railroads  in  winter  in. 

the  United  States  ...........  ..  ..«  ,pp»21-40. 

General  discussions..  .......*»».  .»pp»21» 

"Keeping  the  line  open"  during 
blizzardsj  floods,  etc  %.«.«  ......  ..pp*21-30* 

Locomotive  performance  under  win- 
ter coiiditions.o  .»...•«  »  «*  .....  »,pp»31« 

Thawing  frozen  cars,  etc  «,..  .......  pp»32» 

f>no\v  plows,  spreaders,  etc  *»»«  ,  «  ,,.,pp*33-40. 

y.i  *    S.ir.v   ffjhting   on  Electric  'roads»».»  pp«41  -43. 


inV-^r  sorvice  conditions^  Alaska 

ano  Canada,  .  ,.,,,......»,..,.....  ,pp»44-46 

V,  Winter   service  conditions,  European 

railroads.  ».  ......  .  .....  .«  «,.  .***.»47-53 


438:182 


/, :  s  *.**"•:••.•*:: 

•         * 


Library 

Bureau  of 
Railway  WINTER   SERVICE 

Economics  ,  on 

RAILROADS, 

June    11,    1918* 
1*     Maintenance    of    way    in   winter,     in   t.he    United    States    of    America. 

GENERAL  PTFriTSSI^r^    0*   T  •*  OP  LEI'S    AND    METHODS* 


1867,    Rocca,    J. 

Measures    centre    lea    neigea.   Expose*    (Question   5,2d 
session) 

(Bulletin   of    the    international    railway    congress,    v.l: 
698;    August,    18  37) 
French    edition, 

Question   5,  "What   are    the   precautions    to    take    in  order 
to   avoid    blocking   of    tracks   by   snow  and   what   are    the 
moat   efficacious   and  most   economical  methods    for   clear- 
ing   tracks    of    snow  -    (snow   fences,    snow  plows   etc,)" 
Chapter   I.   Preventive   measures,    p»    690-712 

II.    Clearing   away    snow,    p«  712-740-741    (French, 
Ger»  &    Ruse,    works    only) 
Note    I.   The   use    of   Chloride    of   Sodium   for   clearing   off 

snow  p.   742-43, 
Note    2  „  Methods    used    on  Eastern   ry  »    of   France  .p  .7  44-  45 

1890.   Protecting  tracks    from   snow  storms. 

(Railroad   gazette,    v*22:    232;    April   4,    1890) 

Paper   before    Northwestern   track   and   bridge   association, 
St,Paul,    by    James   Manning. 

Permanent   and   portable    fences,    and    willow  hedges   dis- 
cussed,", »100   feet   about   the   proper  distance    to    locate 
the  permanent   fence    from   the    track.,.* 

Permanent   fences    should   be   about   8   feet  high, 

Willow  trees    in   rows    8    feet    apart,    the    nearest    row  100 
feet   from   the    track,    afford   a  good   protect  ion.  »„  Board 
gates  ,  Cattle-guard   wings,    grass,  Old   material,    etc., 
should   be    carefully    cleared    off    or  burned.  ,  »The    road** 
master   should    constantly   aim  at   getting    rid    of  his 
light    cuts,    using  earth    to    fill   in  the    low  places   and 
trestles.  %%" 

"Mr.   Nash    of   the   Minneapolis,    St»Paul   and   Sault   St. 
Marie,    thought   100   feet   too    far  away,    and  had    found 
a   distance    of    60   feet    to   give    the   bast    results  *«« 

Mr»McMillan»»*thought   that   the   distance    should   be 
variable,    different    cuts    requiring   different    treat- 
ment.     Where   possible,    cuts    should   be    widened    to  70   feet 
and    excavated    1   foot   below  the    roadbed    on  both   sides. 
This    would   make   most    cuts    snow-proof  »%  ••Mr.Bauman,  of 
theGreat   Northern,    had    lately   sloped   off    some    of    the 
smaller   cuts   with   good    results*    the    snow  blowing  across 
u».Mr,    Cop  eland    of 


.   .. 

:  V      .W  is 


"I 


»• 

.    •';  -•       •        - 

. 


Winter 
Service 


the    Chicago,  St*Paul,  Minneapolis   and   Omaha,    found  a   corn- 
field   the   best    snow  fence,..." 

1892.Harkom,  J  JRL 

Snow   on   railroads. 
(Railroad   gazette  ,  v  .24:856-59  ^November   18,1892) 

Extracts    from   a   paper    in   the    Transactions    of    the    Canadian 
society   of    civil  engineers, 
Also    in  Engineering    news,    December   29,  1892,  p  ,602-03  . 

1900%Gerstner,F, 

Report  ,  no  .4.  [for  all  countries   except   Russia,  Hungary 
and    Italy]    on   the    question   of    the   methods    of    dealing   with 
snow» 

(Bulletin   of    the    International   railway   congress,    v,  14:3609- 
88;    November,    1900) 

Consideration   of   methods   used   and    improvements   made    sines 

MrkJ»R.occaf  s    presentation   tff-the    subject    in   1887* 

Protective    measures    [embankments,  screens  ,  etc  .  Jp  43610»30. 

Measures    for   "keeping   the    line    open"  ,  p*«3  630-7  6  . 

Cost   tables,  p.  367  6-78, 

Appendix,  p.  3  67  9-  88., 

1901%Internat  ional    railway    congress. 

Question  5,   Methods    of   dealing   with   s  now^Sect  ional 
d  iscussion,, 

(Bulletin   of    the    Inte  rnaltfonal    railway   congress,  v.  15  :198?V 
2011;    August,    1901) 

Report  by   J  ¥   Gerstner  for  all  countries   except    Russia, 
Hungary   and    Italy. 

A  general  discussion  of  methods   used   by   railroads    in 
the  United    States,  South   America,    and  the  principal 
European  countries. 

1912»Lewis,E,R. 

Winter  maintenance    difficulties    on  northern   railways**. 
(Railway  age    gazette,    v.52:    302-04;February   3.6,1912) 

Preparations   made   by  Maintenance   and   other  departing  Tits 
for  winter* 

Discriptions    of   various    types    of   equipment  usred   to    clear 
tracks    of   snow  and    ice,    p«303, 

"%.The    prevention   of    trouble    to   a    railway   (ro»   s.now 
should   commence    with   the    location   survey  »Th«    grade 
should   be    so    located    that    it   will  be   at    lea&V  two    feet 
above    the   general  ground    level.  »«"p,3C4, 

1913  .Removing   snow   slides    by   blasting, 

(Railway   age   gazette  ,v%  54:349  jFebruary   21,1913) 
Experience    of    a   western   railroad* 

"Careful  examination   showed    that   the   track  had    not   been 
damaged  .  ,  »° 


c 


.  ' '    ' 

'-?  B 

. 

• 


.  t  ?  .  •  -  •     . 

••"     '.'"-•       .' 


'  :if4/e    e. 

" 


' 

. 


• 


.    ' 

•  .    . 

: 

-•m  So   «1     ' 
' 

"''   '  '  •«         1  • 

;  ' 

"  "  f"':!     ^-.  •  --..'" 

'•  "  '  .  \ 

&::-•;    i  .... 

1  \-     --     •-,-'.;  -  _  '    ' 

,A  •-"•'' 

.  -. 

.     •  .-fe 

• 

"  - '.  -  "  "    '  * 

:     .-  cxei 


Winter 
Service 


1913*Tanner,S%C. 

Handling  maintenance    of   way   work    in   winter  weather* 
(Railway   age   gazette,    v,  54:492-93  ;March    14,1913) 

Second   prize   essay    in  Winter  Maintenance  Methods 

Contest, 

Various  maintenance   problems   discussed, 

1913  Plough,  A.M. 

Handling  maintenance    work    in   winter* 
(Railway    age    gazette,  v»54:492  ;    March    14,1913) 

First   prize    in  Winter  Maintenance   Methods    Contest 
Preparation   of    snow-f  ight  ing   equipment* 
Care    of    track* 

1913.Foote,  J.W% 

Snow   removal  by    steam    radiation* 
(Railway   age    gazette,  v*54:497  ;March    14,1913) 
Unloading   frozen  cars,    etc. 


Some   methods    of   handling    snow  and    ice* 
(Railway    age    gaze  tte,  v  ..54:494-95  ;March    14,1913) 

".*We   plan  for  and   usually   get   six  months   of    winter 
up    here,    and    the    snow  when   not    falling    is   blowing 
around,,  We   bogin   to  prepare   for  this    in  September  by 
seeing   that  all  grass   on  the   right   of   way   is   burned 
and   all  weeds  mowed  %   The    next   thing    is    to  place   the 
portable    sncw  fence   so    as   to   protect   all   small   cuts, 
and   see    that  all  large    cuts   are   protected    in   like 
manner  or   by   a   six-foot   permanent    fence,  built    from 
100-  to    300   feet   from   the   track*   All   switches   and    sid- 
ings  are   protected    in   like  manner.." 

1913*KelltF.A% 

Winter  track    work, 
(Railway   age    gazette,    v*54:    495-96;    March    14,1913) 

Preparation  of   track    for  winter,    and   care   during   winter 
season* 


Winter  track   work* 

(Railway  age   gazette,  v»54  :495  ;March    14,    1913)^ 
Protection  of   cuts,    etc* 

1913  »,Hea  ting    the  embankment    along    -{track  pans* 

(Railway  age    gazette,    v,54:    496-97;   March    14,    1913) 

"One   of   the  most   serious  maintenance   problems    encounter- 
ed   on   roads   using   track  pans   at   water  stations    is   the   »* 
removal  of    ice    which   collects    in  large    quantities   be- 
tween the    tracks,  ,  .because    of.   water  thrown   from  the 
pans   by   engines   thaking   water  when   running  at  high 
speeds  »..  ,  «»»To   eliminate    this   trouble    by  preventing 
the   formation   of    ice,    a   steam  heating   system  "between 
the    tracks   has   been   installed   at   Dola,0hio,    and  Davis, 
B-Indiana,    on   the    western  division   of    the    northwest 
division   of  Pennsylvania    lines*,  ,»" 


• 


5    ..  '  • 


.  •  •  • 

.        I    ..       itv  Xrtl!-i.-»   *   * 

•     '   . 


3 


'  * '.     '     ""•:.; 

•' 

. 

'••  /•  -••  •         '         •  -'  ' 
bemud    ?  \*>    fn 

• 
' 


": .  f-       •    • 

{§4 ; "  '  -    ;  • '  -  $M  .   '' '  *    ---i  .    >-W^ 


T-  ^.- 


7  . 


-      -. 


\  .     :s*  •'•''•    •>-./;  * •"-.-«•  .'    .:•     :  ' :'     ;    •"••  '•  -  •- 

:;  /  -.:  ^.\~:~., :  ••'•#  -':   i.V.' 

4t    *    m    +•    ».jv/i:    4.  -*>          AJAii^j*    -».      /    "-        -ii.'    **          L.-V*     -,.,'-'      '—-I    v    JL    J 

'    '   *  "    &•:,- 


i  "  *     •  '"  i 

-,       .  '  • .        .-•••• 

•     --.       .  '  ,-  .    .-i  -, 

I  .'  •  . "  ' 


'-"••^'" 


"  ^         :  •        /   -' 

•  '  •"    *  ;.  .-i  .  • 


Winter 

Se  rvi  13 


1913  .Patterson,    F*W. 

The   utility   of   the   winter  force, 
(Railway   age    gazette,    vc54:    493-94  jMarch    14,    1913) 

Care    of   track   and  protective    devices   with   a    re- 
duced   force    under  winter   weather   conditions* 

19  13  .Mark  ley,  A.  S. 

Concreting*   in   cold    weather, 
(Railway   age    gazette,    v*    54:    494;    March    14,    1913) 

Ways   and  means    of   preventing    freezing   and   protect- 
ing   work    from   elements* 

19l4.Powers,  J.W. 

Handling   and    removing    snow* 

(Railway   engineering  maintenance    of    way    v.  29:132-34; 
March,  1914) 

Preparation   for  northern   winters* 

Types    of   men   needed    for   winter  maintenance    work. 

Releasing    stalled    trains,,* 

1915«Lewis,E%R* 

The    winter's    campaign, 

(Railway   age    gazette  ,  v*58  :  144-45  ;  January    22,    1915) 
Precautions,    p,    144. 
Early   winter   work.   p.    144-45.   '. 
Midwinter   operations,    p\    145  „ 
Late    winter   and    spring    operations,    p,    145 

1916»VanAuken.  Kenneth    L0 

The    Fall   clean-up  » 
(Railway    review,    v*59:    449  ;September  30,    1916) 

Preparation   of    track    during    fall  months    for  winter 
seasona 

1917  .Protecting   a    line    from   snow  troubles* 

(Railway   age   gazette,    v.62:    626-28  jMarch   23,1917) 

The    Southern  Pacific   maintains    over  29  miles    of 
sheds   and    other  precautions   to    insure    continuous 
operation* 

Fire   protection  system,  p.  627-28,  . 
Illustrate  dU 

1917  .Powers,  J  *W* 

The    problem   of    snow   removal* 

(Railway  maintenance    engineer,  v«13  :389-91;December,  1917) 
IN  Keeping   the    line    open    in    winter 
Track  preparation,  p.  396-  98 

Recruting   extra   forces    in  emergencies   p%    390. 
Special  problems,    p»   391. 

—  0— 


'•  ;     ••". 

.  • 


.' .-.    •  -    r  '  ••'   •    • 

•  • .         • 


- 


-  ;     "- •     k   "*..   '  '  f '     *  -   •         -. 

*    * 


.        .    r. 


.  j  n  •_ 


V;' inter 

Service  TRACK      PROTECTION. 

-5-  Various   Methods    in  Detail, 

Fences , 
1890.   Protecting    tracks    from    snow   storms. 

(Railimfd gate tie,    v. 22:232 ; April  4,    1890) 
.*By   means    of    fences , permanent   and  portable , willow 
hedges, etc. 

fl»*»Mr»    Copeland,    of    the   Chicago, St%Paul,Minneapolis   and 
Omaha,    found    a   cornfield    the   best   snow  fence***." 

1893*   Railway   track   exhibit   at  Worlds    Columbian  Exposition. 
(Engineering   News    v»14;Sept  7,1893,    p. 187-88  &    206-07) 

1900.   Association  of   railway    superintendents    of   bridges   and 
build  ings  » 

Snow  fences,    stationary    and  portable* 
(Railroad   gazette,    v,32:    697;    Octobe r  26, 1900) 

Methods    of    construct  ioin,    degrees    of   effectiveness, 
cost,    etc* 

1900,    Gerstner   F. 

Report, no%4    (for  all  countries   except  Russia, Hungary 
and    Italy)     on   the    question   of    the   methods    of   deal- 
ing  with    sncw» 

(Bulletin   of    the    International    railway   congress,    v« 
14:    3609-88;    November    1900) 
Timber   screens  ,p  ^3  611- 19  ,    with   diagrams, 

1904.   Blocking   up    track    in   severe    cold    weather* 

(Railroad    gazette,    v»    36*    169;    March    11,1904) 
Rules  4 

1908,   Latimer,    James   B« 
Snow  fences,* 
(Railroad    gazette,    vw44:    694;    May    22,    j.908) 

When   adopted   by    railroad    in  United    States* 

1909»    American   railway   engineering   and  maintenance    of    way 
assoc  lat  ion* 

Report    of   Committee    on    signs,    fences,    crossings    and 

cat tie- guards* 

Appendix   B-Report    on   snow   fences,    snow   sheds    and   other 
means    to   prevent    snow  accumulating,    and    the   best  methods 
of    clearing    tracks   and    snow   removal, 
(ITS   Proceedings,    v.    10:    part   2;    881-97 ; Chicago, 1909) 

Various    types    of  protective  devices    used   by    railroads, 

p.  881-85. 

Importance    of    location,  p  n-885  , 

Conclusions    and    recommendations ,p*886»87 . 

Typical  plans,    p,    887-97. 

1912,   Railway   and    engineering    re viewb[Edito rial3 

fSnow   fence    construct ionj 

(Railway   and   engineering    review,    vA52:    322;April   6,1912) 
Necessity    for   protection  against    snow,etc* 


.    „ 
'•"•' 


. 

•• 


•      ->  ;T  -  V 
/  .-.ji-f    ••  /:- ••;  "-.-'•    '^      •         ''•  - 


•  '      '     '               -           -•.:•• 

'  *  .        v.  4  •  -T   * 

*  '.  ,  •  f.  ~*  s "  .  .      "*--:'•     --;' 

" 


.  .  .,  ,      . 


:   . 

•  '*  •-•••"•» 


'•    ;. 


: 


' 

.  c*  .v:  •-       ,s-  ""          •  "    ''•'•'•'•   '  '  '   "''  '    ' 


'-  •  '      ''  '    -      r    ''  ••  -' 

"!  '     '    ^  '    '  -    •:-» 

.  •-  •-'    ••'     ?-:-        •      '  '    :^'--  ' 


-    '." 


Winter 

Sorvi  ce 

•6-  1913*    King,A,Hfc 

Snow  Fences.    [Report    of    committee    on   subject   no»lO]j  - 

(American   railway   bridge   and   building   associat ion»Proceed-ings  Ji 
ings,    23d    annual    convention;    267-78;    October   21-23,1913) 
"Your  committee   prepared    and   caused    to   be    sent   to 
engineers    of    those    railways   which   probably   have 
had   experience    with    snow,    a   circular   letter  asking 
for  data   regarding    the  practice   and   embodying   the 
views    of    these  men   with    reference   to    the   different 
types    of  portable   and   stationary   fences   commonly 
used...," 

Reports    from  engineers    of   Union  Pacific,    p*   267; 
Great   Northern,    p.    267;    Oregon  Short   Line,    p.   267*68} 
Chicago  &    North  we  stern, p»    268;Denver&    Rio    Grande, 
p,268;   Duluth  &    Iron  Range,    p»    268;    Intercolonial 
railway,    Canada,    p*   268;    Te rmoli-Campobasso   Ry . , 
Italy,    p*   268. 
Diagram3,p,269-76,» 
General  discussion,  p»27  6-78, 

1915.    Snow  fence    of   hollow   clay    blocks* 

(Railway    review,  v, 57  :  694-95  {November   27,1915) 

As    builcft    on   the    Chicago, Milwaukee   and   St. Paul   rail- 
Way    near  Adel,    la. 

Also   published    in  Brick   and   Clay    record,    Chicago, 
May    IS,    1915. 

1912,   Railway   and   engineering    review.   [EditorialJ 

[Snow  fence    construction! 

(Railway   and   engineering    review,    v«52i    322)    April   6,1912) 
Necessity    for  protection  against   snow",    etc* 

Hedges. 
1900,   Gerstner,    F« 

Report    no,   4    (for  all  countries   except  Russia, 
Hungary   and    Italy)    on  the   question   of    the  methods   of 
dealing  with   snow* 

(Bulletin   of    the    International   railway    co ngress, v»14: 
3609-88;    November,    1900) 
Quickeet  hedges,    p*   3619. 
Plantations    of    trees,    p.    3619-20. 

w««It   is   considered   that    the  protection   of    a   track 
is   materially    improved   by  planting   shrubs    (particu- 
larly  acacias)     on  the    sides   of   the    slopes.      The  most 
efficacious  method    consists    in  planting  a   double   or 
treble    row  of    shrubs   or  of    trees   which   grow   rapidly 
along   the  edges    of   the    cutting;    the    shrubs    should   be 
arranged   quincuncially *  . ." 

1900,   Reinisch,A* 

Snow  hedges    for  the    semi-arid  plains. 
(Railroad   gazette,    v.32:    217;    April   6,    1900) 

"^JSleagnus    angustif olia,    or  Russian  olive,    deserves 

to    be    placed    first    in   the    list    of  -frees    for   snow 

hedges*. ." 

A    suggestion   from   a   landscape    gardener   of   Lawrence, 

Kansas. 


: 


•        :       ' 
-•••: 


• 

v  .:  •  ~.  .  •-      --.••.... 


•'•'"'*.•'  '  ~ 

-.  !   *  •      '     "  . 

:  .-;         ,•  •  .  .-«  •   . 


... 
to      •  ...-.-.  *  .    .».  >       •  •-.'.'• 

- 


> 

' 


''':'""'  /  '     -•'  '    ''*•  '  •''*'-• 

:    '    '  ' '         '   -    '.',';..  :  " 

,,  •  . '"    "    v'    *      -  • 

1  o,  n       .     •  • 

:       /-•         •       a         '  • .  •     .    ., - '    . '  . 
'"'.  '     '    '   •  ' .      '  '''*         • '     s  -    ".' 


.  . 

-.     .  .;.:,-.-  t»2'eai  ..-/'  •    •  '' 

-      •--•   u.         .    »-'••>  •  ••         ;  ,; 

••.'-:     -r  •    -  -•  -  .  .  > 


..•>...          •.•    , 

/       ;•   :    ^  -  :  .-;;':  .           '  -   -  - 

:.:-y       -  .-.    :  *x     .    •  "1  "  .     .  ,      .                   •       "  : 

.     -il^    :  ••••,•  '.:.-'    '- :        '  ^      >  .;  f  -     •'  -:^;                  :jr! 

"•*"  :<  ,r* 

-  ..,"**'. 

•i  -:      *  '      ;    -. '    .?-  --"i     -.''-'•/  .*.      I*.  *4- 


•v  i  ce 


1917  .   Smith,    Hugh 

Trees   planted   by    new  machine    replace    snow   fences. 
(Engineering    news,    March    15,     1917) 

Machine    used    by   Minneapolis, St. Paul    and   Sault   Ste. 
Marie    ry. 

1918*   Palmer,W.C. 

Trees    to   keep    the    snow  back. 
(Literary   digest,    v.56:    March    16,    1918, p  .31-32) 

Extracts    from   article    in   American    forestry   dealing 
with   benefits    to   be    derived   by    railroads   by   tree 
planting   along    right    of   way, 

1918,   Planting   trees    as   protection   against   drifting    snow, 
(Railway   age,    v',64:   706;   March    22,    1918) 

Methods    of   Minneapol is,St .Paul   and    Sault   Ste.Marie. 
Kinds    of    trees   used,    and    other  kinds   being    tried   out 
as    experiments* 

1918,   Palmer,    W.C. 

Tree   planting    to    control   snow  and  wind.   Protection 

for   the    fanner  and   the    railroad, 

(Scientific    American   supplement,    v.85:    356-57  ; June 8, 1918) 
Machines   used    in   tree-planting. 

Further  description  66   work   being   done   by  Minneapolis, 
St. Paul   and   Sault   Ste,   Ma&ie. 

Snow  sheds, 
1889.    Curtis,    W.G. 

Snow  sheds    on   the    Central  Pacific. 
{Railroad   gazette,    v.21: 673 ;0ctobe r  18,    1889) 

"...The  maximum  aggregate   annual  snowfall    (   as  measur- 
ed   from   time    to    time    during   storms)     on   record    since 
1870   along    the    line    of    the   Central  Pacific   Railroad 
over  the   Sierra   Nevada  Mountains    is    63    ft.    After 
thoroughly   experimenting   with   various    forms, sizes 
and   weights    of    the    ordinary    type    of    pushing   snow 
plow,    it   was    found    impracticable   to   keep    the   road 
clear  with   such   appliances,    and    the   higher  portions 
of    the  Central  Pacific    line. ..were   protected  by 
snow  sheds    constructed   during   the   years    1868  and 
1869.   The    total   length    of   sheds   built   was   about  37 
miles,    30  miles   of    this    distance   being  practically 
continuous    shedding* «..«»«." 

1890.   Berg,    Walter  G. 

Buildings    and    structures    of    American   ra ilroads , No, 6. 
Snow   sheds. 
(Railroad    gazette,    v.22:   717-18;    October   17,    1890) 

Types  ,  ccrst,  etc  .,  with    diagrams. 

1895,    Snow   shed    fire   protection* 

(Railway    review,    December  7,    1895) 

Description   df    fire    trains   and   the    system   of   preventing 
and   extinguishing    fires    in   the    southern  Pacific    aheds. 


I 


: 
..,-.. 

r-1 


• 


'    ;  '  .  ,  v 


. 

, 
. 


...» 

(  •  '  •••      •-.'•.•     • 

fi  "42  '.    '        •  '  '' 

'•  :    ••  C      ' 


. 


••'     •  : 
-  ...     •  "  • 


"          '  '  '       •    V        '         ;"          "  :'  ''v 


. 

'      ' 


rv  ice 


1896*    Snow   sheds    of    the    Central  Pacific    railroads. 
(Safety    Valve,    February,    1896) 

Illustrated    description   of    the    sheds,    and    system 
employed    to    lessen   damage    by    f i ro    in    the    sheds   and 
consequent    delay    of    traffic* 

1898*    Southern  Pacific    snov?  sheds.. 
(Railroad    gazette,    v.33-' 
669;    September   16,    ;398) 

Prevention   of    damage    to    shed    from   accumulations    of 
snow  on   top    of    sheds,*, 

1904.  Telescopic    snow   shotis    on   the   Central  Pacific, 
(Railroad    gazette,    v.,36:    61-62;    January    22,    1904) 

Rev?ew  of    snow   shed    development. 

Description   and   diagrams    of   telescopic    sheds* 

1905,  Blum,  , 

Schneed'acher    im   wostlichen  Nordamerika* 
(Organ   fur  die   Fortschritte   des   Eisenbahnwesen, ll.Heft , 
p.?  81) 

Discussion  of    necessity    for, And   use    of   snow  sheds 
on    railroads    in  western  United    States    and   Canada, 

1910^   Concrete    and    timber   snowsheds    on   the    Groat   Northern 

ra  i Iway  H 
(Engineering    news,    December  .15,    1910) 

Illustrated   and   describes   new  protective    work   on   the 
Cascade    Division,    which  aims   to    carry  across  .the 
line   the    snow  that    comes-   from   the   mountain   slopes, 

1911,   Snowaheda    on   the   Great   northern* 

(Railway    age    gazette,    v.50:    82-85 ; January    13,1911) 
Darger   irorn    slides, 

Concrete    si-.eci   at  Wellington,    Washington, 
Cost,    tind.   diagrams    of    construction   details, 
Note :- Account    of    snow  slide  mentioned,    in  article 
on  p, 

1911.1    Concrete    snow  sheds,    Great   northern   railway, 

(Railway   and   engineering    review,    v-51:833-34;September 
23,  1911) 

Further  account,    with    diagrams,    of    Great   Northern's 
concrete    snow   sheds, 

1911*    Cost    of    snow   sheds ,[Southe rn  Pacific] 

(Railway   age    gazette,    v .51: 1069 ;N0vember    24,    1911) 
Extract    from    report    to   California   State   Railroad 

commiss  ion. 

",,KThe  Southern  Pacific  states  that  it  has  35  miles 
of  snow  sheds  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains, 
valued  at  $2,250,000. 
During  the  past  four  years  fires  in  the  shed  have 


'80',. 

' 


5 
:  I  i  r, 


Winter 
So  rvi ~& 

J 
1911.    Cost    of    snow   sheds .^Southe rn   Pacific],    cont'd.    coat 

'$186*/262,    an   annual  average    of    £46,565..    Renewals    on 
account    cf    wear.    a«.ar    are    placed    at   $67,000,    and 
repairs    at    C40.0GO   per  annvnu      The    total   annual 
expense,    including   patrolling,    and    fire    trains,    is 
stated    to   be    C2u3 , 63 5 *"[Ent 5  re    extract   quoted] 

1914.   Extensive    Great   Northern   snow   shed    construction.   Over 
18,  T«00    feet    of    timber  and    ccnbinat  ion   concrete    and 
timber  protection   buill    in   the    Cascade    mountains, 
(Railway   age    gazette,    v*56:    902-06 ;Apri I    17,    1914) 
Map, showing    location    of    sheds  ,p  .902  „. 
Diagram   of    combination   timber  and    concrete    shedrp» 

903. 
Diagram   of    timber   snow  shed   for   steep   slopes   on 

loose   material,    p »    90S,.. 
Diagram   of    timber   sheds    for   flat    slopes. » »p .905. 

"      light   timber   snow  shed   at   tunnel  portal*, 
p.    905* 
Construction  methods,    p»   904-05* 

1914*  Tunnel   and    snowsheds    in   the   Cascades:      Great  Northern    ry. 
(Engineering   news,    v,71:    1225-31; June    4,    1914) 

Photograph    illustrating    construction  of   a   combination 
timber  and    concrete    snow  shed,    p.    1225* 

Plan   of   double-loop   development   on   the   west   slope 
of    the    Cascade    Range;   Great   Northern   railway,    show- 
ing   snowsheds   and    tunnels. 

Windy  Point   tunnel,    construction   details ,p,1227  . 

Diagram   of    combination   snwwsheds    with    timber  posts 
and    roof,    and   with  backwall  of    reinforced   concrete 
or  mass   cement,    p »    1228, 

Construction  methods    of    combination   sheds,    p»1229. 

Typical  timber  snow  shed,    illustration  of,    on  p%1229 

Construction   of    timber  snow  sheds,    p.    1230, 

1915,  Cox,    J.   J. 

Snow  sheds* 

(Railroad   trainman,    v. 32:255- 57;  March,    1915) 
Maintenance  methods. 
Sheds   of   the   Southern  Pacific    railroad, 

1916.  Railway,  engineering    in  the   northwest.   Rotary  snow  plows 

and    snow  sheds    ready   for  winter* 

(Railway   and    locomotive   engineering, v»29:    1-4; January 
1916) 

Different   types    of   snow  sheds,    p«2.Diagrams   and  de- 
tailed,   description   of   each   type* 
Types    of    rotary    snow  plows, p,l, 3 , 4. 

1917,    Newlon,    Homer  Tfc 

Concrete    snow  sheds  *   [Union  Pacific    railroadj 
(Literary   digest,    v. 55:24;    September  22,    1917) 

Use    of    concrete    lumber   in   snow  shed   construction 

in   Wyoming* 


Winter 

Service 

-10- 

1917 ,    Rear,    George    W. 

The    Southern   Pacific's    snow  shed   problem. 
(Railway   age,    v.64:    1116;    May   3,    1918) 

In    American   railway   bridge    and   building   assoc iat ionT 

1917    Proceedings,    p,  167-74;    Oct.    16-18,1917, 
Reprinted    in   Railway   age , v.64: 116 ;May    3,    1918. 
Conditions    necessitating    sheds,    types    constructed,    cost 
and   maintenance. 
Photograph    of    Original    snow    shed,    Serra   Negada  Mts., 

1868,    Southern   Pacific. 

917  fc   Reinforced    concrete    snow   sheds,    Union   Pacific    railroad* 
(Railway    review,    v.61:    545-47;    November    3,     1917) 

"..The    general   charecte  ris't  ics    of    the    sheds    are    concrete 
pedestals    or  piles    for   foundations;    A-frames,    acting 
as    braces    on   the    sides;    reinforced    concrete    girders 
extending  across    the   A-frames,    forming   the    roof 
support;    reinforced    concrete    slab   sidles   and    roof    cover- 
ing .  >Ap, 545. 
Photographs,    illustrating   details    of    sheds, 

Reinforced    concrete    snow   sheds-,    Union  Pacific    railroad. 
(Railway    review,    v,6l:    597;    November   17-fcl947) 

Supplement   to   article    in    issue    of    November  3,p*545-47» 

Editorial    comment,.    p«   711^ 

917,   Snow   shed    construction    in   the    Cascades* 

(Railway   age    gazette,    v.    63:    1087-91;    December   14,     1917) 

Construction   on   the    Great   Northern. 

"..The  Great   Northern  has   added    17  T  3  60   feet    of   new  pro- 
tection,   6.7    miles    of    line    out    of    9    now  under   cover." 

Design   and   construction   details,    p *    1088-89. 

Types    of    sheds    tried,    p.    1086. "..The   early    snow  sheds 
we  we   all  of    timber   construction,    but    in   1910-11  a: 
total   of   2,462   ft.    of    double    track    reinforced   concrete 
sheds    were    constructed^      This    type   has   not   been  used    in 
subsequent   work   because    of   its   expense.      In   1913,    14, 
&94   ft,    of    snow  sheds    were   built,    of    which    10,094   ft. 
were    of    all-timber  design   and   4,500    ft.    was    of   a   com- 
posite  design,  ,*  ...In   1916,    when  a   total   of   14,560   ft. 
of    shods   were   built,    12,309   ft.    were    of    the   all-timber 
design, . .Thus    it    is    seen   that   there    has   fceen  an   almost 
complete    return   to   the    original    form   of    construction. 
The   prime    reason   for   this    is   the   high   cost    of    rein*- 
forced    concrete    as    compared    with   timber  at    a  point 
located    in   tho  heart    of    the   Douglas    fir    region"... 

1917 k   Concrete    snow  sheds    on    the    Union  Pacific. 

{Railway    age    gazette,    v.63:    1159- 64 ;De camber   28,1917) 

A    new   form   construction  has   been  provided    to   protect 

this    transcontinental    line    against    drifting   snow* 
Map    of    location  of    snow  sheds7p.ll59. 
Design   and    construction   details ,p .1160-61 . 
Manufacture    of   units,    p*    1162, 
Erection  methods,    p.    1163. 
Editorial   commen:t    p.    1157  ."Two    tvces    of    snowsheds" 


'• 


.'«•  '  .-.  • 

.  ,  C     :-      .  .        •          •      .  ...."' 

•   *•'••;• 

-        "•-.-  •-  >  't        ' 

-.       •  '  •  '*'-  r/o  .  .'•%«•!     f 


•     i' 


- 

;:;"    -:-. 


'  '  "   r{r* 

••-.  -.  - 
'  .• 

'    :.:    - 


. 

-    ..         ••."•  '  '    *  ..-  '  *   '•••-'• 

.  -  -'        -  .  ,  -    .  '  ..,.'.'  -  v  . 

'  '  .  '  •  .  :  . 

';;  ..:    -  .-  -   .  "'.-•• 

-     •:,....;.    ^  ;  -  -"•  •  •• 


Winter 

Se  rvice 
-11- 

1918.    A    comparison    of    two   forms    of    snow   shed    construction*. 

(Railway  maintenance    engineer,    v^!4:    21-25 ; January t 1918) 
Union  Pacific    type    for  protection  against   drifts. 
Great    Northern  type    for  protection   against    slides* 
Materials,    and    construction  methods    in  detail* 

1918.   Snow   sheds    on   the   Great   Northern. 

(Railway    gazette,    v.28:    254-57;    March    1,    1918) 

Discussion    in  English   magazine    of   winter   conditions 
and    types    of    sheds    in  use    on  Great   Northern   railroad* 

Other  Methods* 

1912.    Clough,    AJi/U 

Handling    snow  and    ice    with   a   spreader, 

(Railway   age    gazette,    v*52t    293;    February    16,1912) 

First   prize    article    in    "Track   Kink"    contest* 
"Keeping    the    ice   down,    especially   at    our  track    water 


pansM»  „  „« 


1916*   Wooden   scrapers    for  handling    snow   on   the    C  *A    N.W%    ry» 
(Railway    review,    v.    62:    882  ;.  February   23,    1918) 

Description   of    scrapers  .used    in  Huron  yards    and 
other   points    on   the.    Chicago    and   Northwestern* 

Care    of    Locomotives    and  V/ate  r   stations* 

1913.  Mark  ley,    J,H% 

Winter  maintainance    of    water   stations* 
(Railway   age    gazette,    v^54:    494;    March    14,    1913) 

"Experience    has    taught  us    some   priceless    lessons   on 
the    care    of   water  tanks    during    severely    cold    weather* 

The  practice   used    to   be   to   wait  until   it  became    re  ry 
cold   and    then   start   out    with   a    car   load    of    rough 
lumber  and    sawdust    to    box   up    the    goosenecks    and    the 
discharge    pipes    of    the    tanks,    and    fill  the    boxes    with 
sawdust*   This   did    some    good,    but    it   was   not   a  per- 
fect  success.      We    use    no    sawdust   now  and   where   we 
have    no    return   pipes    from   the    tanks    which   must 
stand    full   of    water,     vie    use   no  protection  whatever. 

The    discharge   pipe    runs    up    thru    the    center   of    the 
tank    to   a  point   above    the    water   line,    when  the    tank 
is    full,    and    is   drained    as   soon  as    the   pump    13    shut 
down.   We    drain   these   pipes    whether  thay  'are    boxed 
in   or   not*..." 

1913^   Tanner,    S.C* 

Handlirg  maintenance    of    way    work    in   winter   weather, 
(Railway   age    gazette,    v.54:    492-93;    March    14,    1913) 

"The  maintenance  of  water  stations  in  winter  is  very 
important,  as  we  cannot  operate  a  railroad  without 
them,  and  if  they  are  frozen  up  they  are  of  no  use 
Our  new  water  tanks  are  madd  frost  proof,  and  where 
tank  spouts  are  used,  the  outlet  spouts  are  placed 
at  an  angle  of  about  45  deg»  leading  from  the  tank 


,* 


«        '    '.    • 


.  •  "  '-  •'.  ' 


-       •'  •  -  -  .  •  •  '  - 

,  ».'•?•• 

'          ' 


{  *  '-.•    .  ..--,.  •'  •.•:••'.:       :- 


,» 

.     .  I    , 

" 


. 

v 


;:Jntor 
Service 


Handling   maintenance    of    way    work    in   winter  weathe  r.contM 
valve    so    that    the    water   will    not    remain    in    the    out- 
let   spout    long    enough    to    freeze...,.,. 

1917,    C  lough,  A.M., 

Water   stations    in  winter*. 

(Railway    maintenance    engineer,    ve!3:    46;    February.     1917) 
Car    of    track    pans« 
Necessity    for  proper  track    drainage. 

Switches , 

1906,  Heating  devices  to  keep  switches  clear  of  snow  and  ice, 
(Railway  and  engineering  review,  v«46:893;  November 
17,1906) 

Oil  heating  apparatus 
Gas  heating  apparatus 
D  iagrams, 

1906*  Shaw,  Francis  G. 

Devices  to  keep  railroad  switches  from  becoming  clogged 

with    snow  and    ice, 

(Engineering    news,    October    18,    1906) 
Paper    read    before    Railway   signal    association.    Gives    the 

claims    made    for  these    devices,    and   describes    the    two 

systems;    one    a   gas   burning   device    and    the    other  an 

oil  burning   device, 

1908.   Lang,    James    S, 

Melting    snow  around    switches,* 
(Railroad    age    gazette,    v,    45:    916;    September   11,    1908) 

"During  the  past  year  a  new  system  of  snow  melting 
has  been  used  at  several  of  the  large  terminals*  Its 
practicability  has  been  demonstrated  during  the  past 
three  winters  at  one  of  the  busiest  terminals  in  the 
country,  w:tn  the  result  that  delays  due  to  snow  and 
sleet  storn.'S  have  been  almost  entirely  eliminated* 

An  extreme ly    low  cost,    both-   of    installatinn  and   opera- 
tion,    is    possible    on   account   of    the   small   amount   of 
apparatus    required    in   demparison   to    the    number   of 
switches   p rotected « . , .^The   melting   of    the    snow  of 
ice    is    effected   by   applying    to    it    a   flaming   fluid 
whr.ch    continues    to   burn   while    in   the    snow,    melting 
and    finally   evaporating    the   greater  portion   of    it* 

The    character   of    the    fluid    is    such    that    the    flame    is 
easily   maintained    regardless    of   high    winds    or  drifting 
snow.    The    fluid    is   applied   by   the    regular  1rack   force 
by   means    of    a    safty   distributing    can,    and   the  height 
and    extent    of    the    flame    can   be    regulated    with   ease* 
lio    injury    to   the    track    results,    as    the    temperature    of 
Uho    rails    is    not    raised    to    the   usual   summer  heat, 
while    the    fluid   being   a   hudrocarbon,    acts    as    a  pre- 
servative   of    the    ties,...,,* 

Extracts    frorri   a  pape r, "Practical    snow  melting",  read 
before    Railway    Signal    Association  at   Chicago, 


. 

r -; ,-.•:»  :I  .    r-       ':-;-  •-  ^s 


ft       8: 


V'inte  r 

Service 

-13- 

Melting    snow  around    switches,    cont'd 

September   8,    1908* 
Further  extracts    in  Railway    and   engineering    review, 

v.48:    741-42  jSeptember    12,     1908. 
Also    in   Engineering  &    Contracting,    Sept.   2,    1906» 

1912,  Melting   snow  at   switches:    Erie    railroad* 
(Engineering   news,    v«68:    820-21;    Octobe  r  31,    19*12) 

"*»«the  Erie    railroad   uses    loops    of    steam  piping 
placed    under  the   rails   and   connecred   to  main  pipes* 

The   general  arrangement    is    shown   in  the   accompanying 
cut  ......  " 

General   instructions   as    to    installation  and    operation* 

1913*   Foote,    J%W, 

Snow  removal  by   steam   radiation. 
(Railway   age  gzette  ,    v»54:    497;   March    14,    1913) 
On  the   Erie    railroad* 

"At   a  terminal  where   steam    is   available   this    system   is 
particularly   effective   and   economical,    and    it    ia    in- 
cluded   in  the    standard   practice   of   the  Erie    where 
it    is   giving   good    results.      The   simplicity    of   the 
arrangement   commends    itself,,.*," 

1913.  Fuller,    Fk   W, 

Some   methods    of  handling    snow  and    ice* 
(Railway   age    gazette,    v»54:    494-95;   March   14,    1913) 

*'.,  Keeping   switches    in  service    is    no    small  matter  is 
so   cold    a   c  limate[Minnesota3  ,    as   we    find  the  use   of 
salt    in  £ero   weather  does   more  harm  ffoan  good*    It 
starts    the    snow  to  melting,    which   then  freezes   hard. 

Cleaning   switches   by   digging  the  dirt   out   all  down 
to   the   bottom   of   the    tie    in  the    fall   gives    some    room 
for   loose    snow*   Then  we    leave   at   each   switch   a  broom, 
an   old   No»2    shovel  and   a   chisel  made    from  an  old    file, 
which    is    sharpened   at    one    end   and    fitted   to   an   ferrule 
from   scuffle  hoe    or   fork,    so    that    it   will   slip    onto 
a   broom  handle.   This   can  be   used   to    clean    ice    from 
the   switch   point,    and   will   save   many   calls    on  the 
section   forces   at   night  as    the   train  crew  can  clean 
a   switch   so    as    to   get   through  safely**.  «•" 

1914%   The   Turner  brazing  machine* 

(Railway  age   gazette,    v»    :    387;    February   20,    1914) 
Description  and   diagram* 

1916,    Francisco,    L.A» 

Steam  piping  protects  Erie    switches    from   snow  and    ice* 
(Engineering   record,    v,73:    349;   March    11,    1916) 
Illustration  and  diagram. 

"»»*The    steam    is    furnished   by   a   locomotive    which    is 
coupled   on  when   the   weather  warrants    it*   The   coil 
sections    are    removed    in  summer 


* 


..       : 
•     '.  :  •• 

•  i    : 
nr  i    m. 

'  ^  .  .         ,%    '  •  • 


•  '••  • 

•  .  • .  • 

~n  '~        :.  .  '  <       .    : 

• 


•'    ' 


.;  .    .      •••  '  -   :    -J 

:.     • 
• 


.'•••       \    .,'  ''       •  . .  : 

•    •          ..,.''  '      '         '  <     • 

t*-  '        .   ...  '    .    '-.    -     '    :•  '..•-' 

nil  oi*.      •  .  •     ;  .-  •  .  .  .-•'•''...          •'      . 

:'       '  '.'  ;'.'"'  • 

•  ..         ^  ,      :  ••  ;        :..••  ' 

*fc';          • '    •    '      ..     •.•'.'"'-•  '     i  •     '      ,  •  ••; 

,  ,,.Ki       ;."  '••  i  .1   ". 

i.  e'ajc.     •     -':  , 

'.-.;-• 

fclo  n/.  .  »•     .       "'     '   •  -  ' 

•>      *  *  '  - 

:    '  r'v| 

•     ' 

erf^  .'     '  .  ' 

'        '  •  *          :  •  t. 

••  •  '.  '"'      * 

i 
•  •     :  ^  • 


" 
.. 


•  ., 

•    ,  • 

1 


. 

f)-*;! 

.  -5     v  a 


«  « 

" 


' 

. 


Winter 

Service  M 

-14- 

Switches,    cont'd, 

'    '       o  "   '    '       *         *  ";S>  - 

1917  *    Burke  ,    M% 

Protecting    switches   and    interlocking*  . 

(Railway  maintenance    engineer,    v«13:    45— 46;  February,    1917) 

"It    is    very   essential    to   make   preparat ions ^ for   the 
handling    of    snow  and    ice    at   switches    and    interlock- 
ing   plants    in   the    fall  before    the    ground    is    frozen. 

To    this   end   track  men  are    instructed    to   dig    out   the 
ballast   between   ties   at   all   switches    three    inches 
below  the   base    of    rail,    from   the  head   block    to   the 
heel   of   switch   points   and   also   at   frogs   and   guard 
rails   and  around    the    clips    on  detector  bars,      Thif* 
gives    the   man   cleaning   the    seitch   a   chance    to   push 
his    shovel  under  base    of    rail  and   get   the    snow  out 
easily   without   any  picking  and   greatly    increases   the 
efficiency    of   each  man's    work,    as   he    can  get   the   sitch 
rods    free    for  ready   operation   with   very    little   delay* 

A   force    of   30  extra  men    is   kept   on   steadily  during 
the   winter  months   and    is    assigned   to   worlc   ax 

switches    just  as    soon  as    snow  storms   begin.      These 
are    experienced   track   men  and  are    organized    so    that 
each  man  knows    just   where  be   belongs,  When  more  men 
are    needed   an  employment  agency    is    called   upon  t*> 
send   extra  men»v»» 

Interlocking  plants   where  "pipe    lines  are    exposed 
give    the  most   trouble    in   sleet   storms.      As   the  use    of 
salt   on  pipe    lines    is    not  permitted   beeause    it   re- 
sults   in   corrosion  of    the  pipes,    men  are  placed   in  th< 
towers   to    keep   the   pipe    lines  moving   so  that  the   sleet 
does    not   get    frozen   on  them*   A  Hauck    thawing   outf; 
has   been  very   effectively   and  economically  used   for 
this  purpose |    as    one    of    these    small  outfi4s   will 
accomplish   the   work   of    two   laborers* 


1917,   C,,W,G» 

Melting   snow  with   a  kerosene   torch* 
(Railway   signal  engineer,    v»   10:    47-48;   February ,  1917) 

Description, 

"The   torch  will  burn   in  any  position   in  any  kind   of 
weather,    no   wind  being   strong  enough  t«  extinguish 
it   and    it   is   not  affected    in  its   operations  by  ex- 
tremely  low  temperatures*      It  has  proved   absolutely 
safe   and   simple   to    operate*   As  a   result,    during  the 
worst   snow  storm   of   the    winter  of    1916,    there   was 
onlya   few  moment's   delay   to   trains    in  the   whole 
Detroit,    Mich., terminal  of   the  Michigan  Central,    of 
which   I  have   charge,    and   the   saving   effected   in 
labor  was   tremendous*   No   additional  emergency   labor 
was    required   as   one   man   could   look   after  several 
torches.  „»,»„** 


fceJt  '        • 

'  • 

ax  •        ' 

1  £    ':    *J     "  -  ^     _;.... 

•  '  -  v        -••'•".•  • 


•     T-  '•     '    ••-         i   '/."}        Jif'   •      '  '*  "         • 


.-        . 

l  •'••    -*  -:.r  /•.:,••        aa  .       \.  -.  n  • 

*     r'"   -;  i  'r  ,-v-  -r  .  -,  -  ,:    .;  . 

r7->il     ^-v  -    -.^-    ,  _; 

' 


••'•     -^'-r    :'.-'       "••  **     '  ..... 

*'•"''-  's-   - 

Ufi   j>*.  -.    *j.;^t  {1^^7  ?"^  '" 
-'*M*.i  t-'-'l".  -•' 

.   ••-:•--*•*     ?i:'"a 


?  iter 
e  rvice 

15-        Switches,    cont'd, 
1917  .    Mock,    H.F. 

Preparing    for   winter. 

(Railway    signal   engineer,    v.10:    46-47;    February,    1917) 
Details    of    preparation    in   fall   necessary    to   meet 
winter  emergencies,    especially    in   regard    to    switching 
and    interlocking    devices, 

1918,    Disposing    of    snow  and    ice    with    steam. 

(Railway  maintenance    engineer,    v.14:    92;    March,    1918) 
Diagram   of    typical   steam   layout    for.  switches  * 
",,,The   plant    is    operated    continuously   from   the    first 
f'reesing   weather  until    spring.    As    a    result    of    its 
operation  manual    labor    is   entirely   dispensed   with 
for   clearing    the    switches    of    ice    and    snow  except   at 
times    of    unusually    severe    storms,    when    it   becomes 
necessary   to    employ    small   gangs    chiefly    for  patrol 
duty    to   make    sure    that    the    thawing    apparatus    is   do- 
ing  all   that    is    expected    of    it,»."p,93» 

Yards.Terminals,    etc. 

1913,    Fuller,    F.   W\ 

r     Some   methods    of   handling    snow  and    ice. 
(Railway   age    gazette,    v,54:    494;March    13,1914) 

"...In   cleaning   around    stations    we    find    the    use    of    a 
team  and   a    snow   scraper   such    as    is    used   to   haul   the 
snow  off    the    ice    by    ice    cutting    gangs,    a    very    con- 
venient   and    cheap    tool,    taking   the   place    of    fully   a 
doaen  men  with    snow  shovels.   We    also   use   the   Jordan 
spreader   in   cleaning   up    the  passing   tracks   and  yards, 
using    it    in   the    same   manner   it    is   used   on  ballast.  .»" 

1913.    Sammet,     ...Dr* 

Influence    cf    bad   weather   on   the    work   at    sorting  and 

shunt  ing   yards  fc 

(Bulletin   of    the    International   railway    congress,  v»27  : 
414-26;May,1913) 

Arrangements    of    the   yards    so   as    to    cope   with  bad   weather 

p.  418* 
The   provision    of    special  humps,    so-called   winter  humps, 


Special  measures   against    cold,    p*   419,. 
Special  measures    against   snow,    glazed    frost   and  haarr- 
frost,    p.    419-26. 

1917*   Robinson,    J,S. 

Fighting   snow    in  yards, 
(Railway  maintenance    engineer,    v,13:    46-47  ]    February) 

"In   the    Chicago    terminals    of    the    Chicago  &    Northwestern 
th6    system  followed    to   secure    the  most  effective    snow 
and    icc>   disposal   during   the   winter    is   to   prepare    the 
yards    in   the    tall   by   having   the    regular   section  men   dig 
out   the   ballast   between  the   ties   at   the    switch   and 
connecting    rods    to  make   a    space    under  and   around    them 


Winte  r 

Service 

-16-        Yards ,Te rminals , Etc ,Cont*d , 
1917  .   Robinson,    J.S.      " 

for  snow  and    to   enable    the  men   to    remove    the    snow 
quickly    when    it    falls    and    to   prevent    ice    forming   around 
the    rods,    thus   preventing    their  moving,.* 
A  most    important   element    in   securing   efficiency    in  an 
organization   of    this    work    is    a    central  point   with 
telephones    radiating    to    important   points    in  all   yards, 
where    the    roadmaster   or    some    other   tffficer   can   keep 
in   touch    with   the  men,    the    train   dispatchers,    train- 
masters   and   yardmasters    at   all    times,    to   enable    him 
to   direct   his    work    intelligently... 

1918,   Wooden    scrapers    for  handling    snow   in   the    Chicago   &    North- 
western   ry, 
(Railway    review,    v.62:    2#2-}    February   23,    1918) 

",,This    style    of    scraper   was    gotten   up   mostly    for 
clearing    snow   from  yard    tracks,    station  platforms   and 
street   crossings,    but    as    is    obivious,    they  may   be 
used    with   equal   facility    in   other  places    about    rail- 
roads.,The    necessity    for  a  device    of    this   kind   was 
impelled    by    the  difficulty    in  securing  extra   labor 
for   snow  gangs,    particularly    when   the    thermometer 
ranges   as    low  as    40   degrees   below  zero,    as    it   fre- 
quently   does    in   the    northwest ...«.* 

The    scraper    is   drawn  by   a   team   of    two   horses,    and    it 
can  be    used    e/ither   lengthwise    or   crosswise    the   tracks, 
over  switches,    frogs    or  any    other  place   where   a 
team  may   be    safely   driven.,*, 

— 0-- 

Terminals   proper. 
1912,    Crabbs,    F,   E. 

V/inter   work    on   terminals* 
(Railway   age    gazette,    v.52:    308-10;    February    16,1912) 

Operation   of    a   passenger  terminal    in   winter. 

Methods   used    to    combat   winter   weather   conditions   at 
the    C.   &    N.F.    terminal   at    Chicago* 

"•V.At   the   Western  avenue    crossing   we    are    using  hydro- 
carbon   for  melting   snow,    and    find    that   where    there 
is   proper  drainage    its    use   has   proved    successful..* 
F%    309. 

An   experiment    last   tried    on   our  terminals    this   year 
was    to    dip    the    rattan   snow  brooms    in   common,    hot, 
black    oil   before    using.   We   have    found    that    this    re- 
sults   in   from    one-third    to    one-half    greater  wear   from 
the   brooms,. »By   actual  test   we   have    found    that  a 
rattan  broom   costing    $2.85   per  dozen,    if    dipped    in 
this   oil  before   using, gives   better   results    than   one 
costing    C4  per   dozen    if    not    so    treated.   As    out   enfc- 
pense    for   snow  brooms    alone    exceeds    ^3000   annually, 
this    one   means    a    big    saving, .  . , ,p «    309. 

Work    of    the    Safety    Committee,    p,    309-10. 


Winter 
Service 

Terminals   proper,    cont'd. 

1914.    The    Turner  brazing  maching. 

(Railway    age    gazette,    v.56:    387;    February   20,    1914) 
Description    of   machine    used    for  melting    snow  at 
switches,    etc. 

1917.  Byrnes,    R. 

Snow  handling  en  a  busy  terminal  division, 
(Railway  signal  engineer,  v»13:  46;  February,  1917) 

Methods  developed  en  a  road  enter- ing  New  York  City* 
"...Ths  Track  arid  signal  maintenance  forces  at  each 
interlocking  cooperate  to  keep  the  plant  working  during 
each  snow  storm.,. 

After  the  first  of  November,  the  track  gangs  remove 
the  ballast  from  the  spaces  between  the  first  three 
ties  of  each  switbh»*»At  the  same  time  the  signal 
maintainer  applies  the  snow  covers  for  the  adjustments 
on  the  switch  throw  rods.  All  plants  on  this  division 
are  of  the  electric  type -..Every  section  foreman  is 
supplied  with  a  tank  of  hydro-carbon  which,  when  receiv- 
ed ,  io  erected  in  a  fireproof  pit,  and  is  made  ready  for 
Use,   Six  sprayer  cans'  are  a  part  of  the  tool  equipment 
of  each  section  gang  and  are  kept  ready  for  use. There 
is  seldom  more  than  one  interlocking  on  each  section, 
so  that  the  entire  track  gang  is  available  for  work 
around  the  se  itches  .«..»«,»" 

1918»  Demand  for  Mechanical  handling  of  snow  in  terminals, 
(Railway  review,  vk62:  95;  January  19,  1918) 

"..The  difficulty  of  clearing  tracks  of  snow  in  yards 
and?  terminals  is  much  greater  than  that  of  clearing 
main  tracks. ». ..On  yard  and  terminal  tracks  it  is 
usually  the  case  that  the  pushing  of  snow  off  one 
track  simply  covers  up  another,  and  the  use  of  the  ro- 
tary is  seldom,  if  ever,  feasible  * . «  .  ,The  slow  but 
sure  method  ot  clearing  tracks  in  terminals  is  tb«. 
load  the  snow  upon  cars  and  haul  it  away,  and  this  is 
ofgen  re3orted  to.   The  shoveling  of  snow  by  hand  in 
such  work  is  expensive,  and  during  these  days  the 
labor  cannot  be  had. 

What  is  really  needed  for  such  emergencies  is  some 
mechanism  for  quickly  loading  snow  upon  cars*  Reasoning 
from  the  variety  of  machines  which  are  in  existance 
on  railways  for  mechanically  loading  earth  and 
ballast,  the  development  of  a  machine  for  loading  snow 
from  track  to  car  should  not  be  difficult  to  work  out.," 

1918.  Pulling  the  Chicago  terminals  out  of  the  snow*  What  the 

railroads  were  compelled  to  do  in  restoring  traffic  after 
the  January  blizzards* 
(Railway  age,  v.64:  369-71;  February  15,  1918) 

"« .While  not  suffering  any  worse  in  the  aggregate  than 
the  other  roads,  the  Illinois  Central  was  subjected 
to  some  of  the  more  spectacular  conditions  thraout 
th©  portion  of  its  line  exposed  to  the  sweep  of  the 


Winter  * 

Service 

Terminals    proper,    cont'd. 

1918..    Pulling    the    Chicago    terminals    out    of    the    snow,    cont'd, 

of    the    winds    off    Lake   Michigan,   The    eight  main   tracks 
of    this    railroad    are    bounded    on    the    side    away    from    the 
lake    for  a    considerable    distance    by    a   high    retaining 
wall   and    the    snow  which   piled   up    against    this    wall   com- 
pletely  bui-£©d    the    trwo    adjacent   tracks'    and   any   equipment 
star.dirg    on   them*.*." 

",^.1'n   q;&;naral   the    chief    difficulty    was    with   the   many 
mi  Ves    of    y-?-d    tracks    largely    ^cc'ipjed    by    standing    cars 
th  -    rrov:.  ,  L     v/hicn    at    the    earliest    possible    date    was 

imperative    to    ths    v;elfaro    ox    not    only    the    city    but    also 
the    na^-xon*.,  »  »lf 

"The    ra  \iioads    f-mployad    large    forces    of   men    in   the    removal 
of    tho    snow  and    considering   that    their  demands    were    com- 
bined   w:tn    those    of    the    city    for  men    for  street    clean- 
ing,   ix    is    not    surprising    that    the    wage    rates    in    some 
caues    attained   almost   unbelievable    heights „ « »The re    was, 
however,    a  plentiful    supply   of    labor,  ...» 

"The    administration   of    the    work   at    the    large    terminal 
ar^as    in   a  manner   that    would    insure    most   effective    re- 
sults   and   a   thorough    coordination   of    the    efforts   being 
made    by    the    various    branches    of    the    rapidly    created 
organisations    was    no    simple    task,..>«,In   this    connection 
th«    Baltimore   &    Ohio    Chicago   Terminal  developed  a  most 
interesting   system*   Men   of   known  ability   and   who   had 
previous    experience    in   fighting    snow  were    placed    in 
charge    of    various    subdivisions    of    the    terminals    and 
made    responsible    for   the   progress    within   certain  pre* 
scribed    limits*    In    order   that    the   officers    of    the    road 
could   be    kept   advised    of    the    coiid  it  ions    at   all  parts 
of    *-he    terminals    and   the   progress    "being  made    in    restor- 
ing   the    tracks    tc    operation,    as   well  as   give    the   neces- 
sary  advice   and   despatch   men,    materials   and    supplies 
were   most   needed,    an    intelligence    bureau  was   established 
ir_   the    offir.e    of    the    district   engineer.      All   of    the 
telephones    An  the    engineering    office    were    assembled    on 
a    single    large    table    where    a   staff    of   men  was   kept 
busy    receiving   and    answering   telephone    calls,    while   a 
record    oi    information   given  and    received   was  kept   on  a 
quicl'Iy   devised   chart«   With  a  knowledge    of    the    situation 
gained    through    this    system   the    needs    of    the   men    in 
charge    of    the    varioun    parts    of    the   terminals   were    ful- 
filled   by   different   men   detailed    to    look   after   certain 
requirements*   Thus    some   men  were    commissioned   to   gather 
laborers,    others    to    requisition    of    purchase    tools,    to 
provide    lunches    for   the   men,    etc«.««»"   p.    3-69-7B 

"By    far   the    largest   portion   of    the    snow  was   handled   by 
shovels.    Obstructions    tended    to  preclude    the   use    of 
power  equipment    .\n  many   places',    consequently   the    snow 
was-    largely   .LO^.dod    by   hand    on   cars    of    all    classes*. and 
hauled    to   a    crnvsnient   point    of    disposal  where    they 
were    unloaded    by    hand.*. Of    all   the    equipment   available 
the    ballast    spreaders    we  re    the   most    ef  f  ective*  „  , .  ."p  „ 
371, 


' 


''  inte  r 
Service 

Terminals   p  roper. ,  cont'd  , 

1918,    Fighting    snow   in   the    Chicago    terminals, 

(Railway   maintenance    emgineer,    v;    14:    89;    March,    1918) 

Illustrati  ons  » 

January   blizzards    compel    railroads    to    employ    large 
forces    of   men   to    restore    tracks    to    operation. 

Work   done    largely    by   hand,    p.    91, 

"» .Weather   the    tracks    were    cleaned    by   hand    or  with 
sp readers,    the   most    difficult    task    was    to    remove    cars 
that  had    occupied    these    tracks   during    the    storm   with 
the    snow   in  many    cases    well   up    under   the    car   bodies. 

These    cars   had    to    be    pulled    out    in    small    cuts,    using 
one    or  more    engines    to    three    or   four   cars,    a  process 
that    frequently   proved    disastrous    to    the    draft    rigg- 
ing". ,%p,  92 

"Special    facilities    at    the    Chicago   &    Northwestern 
passenger   terminal    for   the    removal    of    snow,    installed 
at    the    time    that    this    station   was   built    served    in 
good    stead   during    the    storm*   This    embodied    snow  melters 
installed   at   the    ends    of    the    train   sheds    and    through-* 
out    the    approch    tracks*    There    are    ten   of    these,    con- 
sisting   of   boxes    about   3    ft,    by    6    ft.,    equipped    with 
steam  pipes    and    connecting   with    the    city    sewers. 
Shoveling    snow   into    these   boxes    solved    the    problem 
of    disposal   here,".,»p,    92, 

1918,    Breaking    the    snow  blockade    in   Chicago    terminals, 
(Railway    review,    vw62:    395-97;    March    16,     1918) 

" .  .  ,The    work    on   the    New  York    Central    railroad   and    the 
Indiana   Harbor  Belt   at    the   Gibson  hump   yards    illus- 
trated   the   effort    necessary    to   move    traffic   under 
such    conditions,,.," 

",,,0n   January    12    an   attempt   was   made    to   get   an   engin- 
er    out    of    the   Gibson  engine-house    for   snow  plow  duty* 
It    required    12   hours,    from   9   a.m,    to    9   p.m.,    to    get 
the    engine    coupled    to    the    snow  ploy   ready    for  duty. 
This    seemingly   uncalled    for  delay   was    caused   by    snow 
clogged    and    frozen    switbhes,    combines    with    the   bitter 
cold   and   wind   making    it    impossible    to   keep   men  at   work 
for  more    than   a   few  minutes   at   a   t ime » ,  »p ,396* 

"On   Sunday,    January    13,    progress   was    made   possible 
by    the   volunteering    of    railway   employees    of    various 
departments,    including    clerks    from    the   hump   yard 
office,    freight  department,    car  accountants,    auditors, 
freight    claim  agents,    l,c.l,    freight   transfer  men, etc. 

This    force    was    increased    January    15,    by   employes    of 
the    surrounding    local    industries, „ » „ ,The    shovelers    . 
in   the   Gibson  yards    were    assisted    by    two    Russel 
snow  plows    for  main    line   work,    two    bulldozers,    one 
Jordan   spreader,    a    clam    shell  derrick    and    one    3now 
plow  each    from   the    C.&    N,W.    ry.,    and    the   Michigan 
Central   R»R,.,,The   use    of    this   equipment   did   much   to 
clear   the    track    for   traffic.,,, A   clam    shell  bucket 
was    employed    in   clearing    snow  from   a  highway    inter- 
section  on  which    there    wasr.also    a    three-track    • 


K«'--  !£.-»-.  -.  i  - 

"  *'•  '    •  - '    -i     .  .    • 

'•'-  -        ?„ -\.  'v'.   ;  •:' 


«•* 

•  •  •••'•.  ',e  .-vf  i  6  "  •  .       '     A'        ... 


srit    hri£    fev  '  .;          i    IB' 

.-•.**-' 
'-  ;       ; 

o- 


'Vr-AC      VO 


inter 

3  rvico 

Terminals,    proper,  Cont  fd. 

1918.   Breaking    the    snow  blockade    in   Chicago    terminals*    cont'd. 
interurban    railroad    cross  ing, ..By   the   use    of    the    clam 
shell   bucket    and    self   propelled    derrick,    as   much   work 
was    done    ir>    one   hour   as    was    accomplished    by    30  men    in 
similar    places    with   hand    shovels    in   a   day ....  .Included    in 
in    the    apparatus    for    fighting    snow   was    the    Vulcan 
Kerosene    torch.,11, p.    396, 

"An    outstanding    feature    of    the    stor.ii    conditions    on   the 
New  York    Central   and    Indiana   Harbor    Belt    railroads    is 
the    loyalty    of    the    employes    called    from   desks    and    inside 
positions    10    assist    in    clearing    the    tracks    of    snow.... 
p.396* 


•Service 
-21- 

I.    Operation    of    railroads    in    the   United   States    under  V'inter   Conditions. 
General    references* 

1910.  Williams,    Archibald. 

The    romance    of   modern    locomotion. 
London,    £ng.,    C»A%    Pearson,    ltd..,    1910. 

367    p,     /    8° 

Fighting    the    snow.    Chapter    10,    r,  „    164-73. 
"  "         "  on  U.S  .A. railroad? ,    p.    171-73 

1911.  Hungerford,    Edward. 

The    modern   railroad, 
Chicago,    A.C.McClurg  &    co.,    1911. 
476   p.      8° 
Keeping    the    line    open,    Chapter   16,    p „    256-75. 

1911.  Hartnell,    F«S. 

All  about    railways. 
London  6b    Now  York,    Cassell  &    co  .,  ltd  .,  1911* 

374   p,      8° 
The   Fight    with    the    snow,    Chapter  17,    p. 254-62. 

1916*    Bacon,    E,L. 

Fighting    the    storm   king,    A   big   blizzard    turns    back 
the    clock    of    transportation   a  hundred   years.   Wireless    is 
railroader's    sole    working   ally*    One    storm    cost    the 
Pennsylvania    two   million. 
(Railroad    man's    magazine,    v,29t    401-05;    March,    1916) 

".,««. The  re    is    only    one    inventor  T*rho    ever   lived    whose 

genius    triumphed    over   the  howling    storm-Marconi. 
For    the    first    time    in    railroad   history   the    blizzard 
.     found    that   at    last   had    come   a    child    of   man's    ingenuity 
that    it    could    not   master%».,A    new   chapter   in   the    his 
history    of    railroading   was   added    by    the    wireless,.., 
From   the    tov;er   of    the    V'anamaker  building    in   New  York 
City    the    wireless    flashed    its   messages    through    the 
gale    and    furnished    the    only    news    over  hundreds    of 
miles    of   hep  less    roads. [March    1   and    2,    1914] .. .p .402 „ 
Rotary   plows   are    the   West's    weapons. «p .    404, 

.-0-- 
"Keeping    the    line    open"    during   various    blizzards. 

1871*    Carter,    Charles    Frederick, 

Big    railror.ding-10^  (2d    series).    Joy    riding   on   the 

Overland    trail,., 

Andy   Traynor    reminisces    of    *71,     when    it    took    one    train 
23    days    to    get    from   Omaha    to    Ogden.%... 
(Railroad   man*s   magazine,    v.    36:    426-36;    July,    1918) 

fl.  *, Rotary    snow  plows   had    not    been    invented;    nor    in- 
deed  were    there    any    other    really   effective    means    of 
bucking    snow  available.      About1  all   the    railroad 
company    could    do    was    to    start    trains    out   and    leave 
the    rest    to   P rovidence . . . «p «    432. 

The    train    crew  tried    to    keep    out    on   the   highest    embank- 
ments   in    reach    when   the    going    got    too   hard.. but   even 


.4 


*ffi     •.   ',  .  .    .  ^         : .  "  '  /    , 

/''  -     "•;.  '  ••  ' 

"    ''         -•    -  - ..        •    >l  ^  • .;  -.  . 

•    '•.  *  •-  •-  • 


'/inter 
Service 
22-      "Keeping    the    line    open"    Cont'd. 

1871.    Carter,    Charles    Frederick,    Cont'd. 

at    that    the    train   with    101  passengers    on  board    was 
hung   up    for   thirteen   consecutive    days    in   one    spot   about 
twenty    five   miles    west    cf    Laramie,    Wyoming,,." 

1873 .    Lewis,    B,N, 

Twenty    five    days   making    a    round    trip    of    one   hundred 

miles . 

(Milwaukee    railway    system   employes*    magazine,    v. 2:    April 
1914,    p,    13-14) 

Operation  during    the   blizzard    of    January,    1873fc 

"In   those    days    we    had    only    the   pilot   plows,    flat   car 
plows    and    shovels    with    which    to    fight    the    snow*.*" 
p.    13, 

"On   the    fourth    day    with    a   crew   of    two    hundred  men,    four 
engines    and    supplies,    we    tackled    the   main   line    and 
this   was    the   hardest   proposition    of    snow  bucking   that 
we   had    ever  been   up    against*    In   some    places    the    wire 
on   the    telegraph  poles   was    just    visible.   Three    engines 
and    a  big    crew  were    working   towards    us    from   the   east 
and    after   three    days    we    got    together,    took    what 
people    they   had   and    went   back    congratulating   ourselves 
that    once   more    the   main    line    would    again  do   business 
between   the    Twin   Cities  ,Prarie    du    Chien  and  Milwaukee.. 
But   before   midnight    it   began   again,    almost   as   bad    as 
the    first    storm.    We    kept   under   cover  until    the    worst 
was    over  and    then   started    out    to    do    all   over  what    we 
had    accomplished    in   digging    out    the    road   before..... 
We   had    to    dig    out   and    load    the    snow   on  flat   cars    and 
haul    it    out.  to    a    fill   where    we    shoveled    it    off*»».» 

1887  »   Rocca,    J. 

Mesures    centre    les    neiges.   Expose.    (Question   5,    2d 
session.) 

(Bulletin   of    the    International   railway    congress,    v. 1*689- 
745;    August,    1887) 

Part    II.    Clearing   away    snow,    p*  712-743* 
"It    is    sufficient    to    reflect   upon   the    great    importance 
that    railways   have   acquired    in   the    lives    of   peoples, 
to    be   persuaded    of    the    imperative    necessity    of   assur- 
ing   continuation   of    the    operation   of    trains   by   all 
possible   methods „ ...." 

Types    of    snow  plows    and    other   track    clearing   apparatus 
used   by   various    important    railway    systems    in  different 
parts    of    the    world,    comparative    statements    of    cost    of 
keeping   the    lines    open,    etc.*.... 

1890.    [Snowfall   and    blocade    of    Central   Pacific    trains*] 
(Railroad   gazette,    v,22:    53;    January    24,    1890) 

"Press    dispatches    for   the   past   week   have    contained    long 
accounts    of    an    unprecedented    snowfall   and    blockade    of 
the    trains    on    the    Central  Pac if ic . , , , .and    the    Oregon- 
California    line The    trains    all    reached    stations    in 

safety,    but   many    of    thorn    wore    delayed    o*er   a    week,,.,. 


. 
• ' 

iTtr'i^  '  Pit 


'     . 


1890.   [Snowfall  and   bloeade    of   Central  Pacific   trains,]    cont'd. 

The    snow   is   3    ft*   deep    on  a    level*%wwhile   drifts    of    10ft 
are   the   minimum*. *«In   cuts    30   to    60   ft*    is    frequently 
mentioned. .  .Engines   by   the   dozen   are    attached    to  plows, 
but  make    little   headway,    and    shovelers   by   the   hundreds 
have   had    their  work    constantly   undone   by   fresh    falls    of 
snow.   The    rotary    "work    wonders"  »*  <. ." 

1890*   The    snow  blockade    on   the   Pacific    railroads. 

(Railroad   gazette,    v.    22  i   74;    January    31,    1890) 

"The    situation   on   the   Central  Pacific  has   grown   worse 
instead    of    better* ..*.*" 

Dispatch    from   General  Superintendent   Fillmore    of   the 
Centnal  Pacific   anent   conditions    on  his   line»"The 
storms    we   have   had    to    contend   with    are   unprecendented 
in   the   history   of    the    road*   The    rotary  has   been   doing 
most   excellent   work    and   we    should   not  have   known  what 
to    do   without    it... ..The   heavy   work    we   have  had    to   do 
has   fully   demonstrated   that    the   machine   should  have   a 
much    larger  heating   surface,    and   that   the    shovel   of 
the  plow  should    cut   8   inches    wider  on  each   side.    It 
would   then  be   perfection*** 

The    rotary   that   we   borrowed    from   the   Union  Pacific   to 
open  up    the    west   end    of    the   Salt   Lake   division   did   the 
work    in   six  hours   that    it   would  have   taken  five   hundred 
men   to  do    in   one    week*   The   Cyclone   plow  has  but    just 
arrived    and  "we  have   not  had   an  opportunity   to    thorough- 
ly  test    it".    An  army   of    shovelers   worked  all  night 
where    the    rotary   failed,    and    it   was   expected    to    open 
the    road    on   Thursday**..*0 

1890.   The    Work    of    the    3now  plows. 

(Railroad   gazette,    v.22i    109;    February    14,    1890) 

Performances    of   Jull  excavators    on  the  Union  Pacific* 
"The   excavator  came   through    drifts    that   were   8   ft.   on 
one    rail   and    25   or  30   on  the    other,    and    snow  packed    so 
hard    that   one    orould    not  make   a   footholdrbut  has   to 
crawl   on  hands   and   knees*  «.4ft 

1890.   The    Season's    work    of    the   Rotary    snow  shovel* 

(Railroad   gazette,    v.22:    141;   February   28,    1890) 
Opening   blockades    on   the    western   roads.*-. 
Editorial   comment,    p.    146* 

1890%   Competitive    trials    of    the   rotary   and   other  machine    snow 
plows* 
(Railroad   gazette,    v.22:    355-56;   May   23,    1890) 

Account   of    success    of    Rotary    over  Jull  Excavator  furn- 
ished  by   the   Leslie    Brothers  Manufacturing   Company, 
Manufacturers   of    the   Rotary. 

Illustrations    of    the    work    of   the   Rotary  ,-p  *-356-57  * 
Rotary   versus   Cyclone   plow,    p.   357. 


'.  ,  •  -/;     .'v    J     '  '  r"  "  :  -••     r: 

' 


, 
r  *- 


Tf« 


.,  .r^r 

v,  '••  ••'       •          -    -    •• 
-      ••     ''£-' 

;  '  •  .7   t          •     . 

/.  "V   - "  * 

.  .  :  .      :     '•     '•'     -     '        '- 

:      -:-:-  ••    '•  r*  :'; •-'••• 


.••-.< 


"     •'•    -'^f^V"'  t.,.;;^ 

-    '  *v      -  '         "'/•'••  : -'"'"*  ''^          '  •   •-        -   -•  >)••-"*        " -'• 


. ,..,  r  -.--^  '  -•   i  :         .'        •  --• « •«  ^' 

•    ^-,";        -':.='-"     •••-:-  .^-••1        ;P'          " 

* "''  ' 1-    .'        v-/     -v  :•;•"-       ;  ,  •  o    '-•  !"     - 

*'•    '  ..  ''•»»"' 


:",        :       -•    '         "  '*  "'"•    •     '        ''- 


.     -     : 


nter 
rvice 

4-    "Keeping  the  line  open"  during  various  blizzards. 
1890,  Otis,  Charles  H. 

Competitive  trials  of  Machine  snow  plows, 
(Railroad  gazette,  v.22:  371-72;  May  30,  1890) 

Reply  to  claims  of  Leslie  Brothers  as  to  supremach  of 
Rotary  plow  over  the  Jull  excavator,  by  Treasurer  of 
Jull  Manufacturing  Co. 

1890.  Jull,  t range. 

Extracts    from   Mr,   Jull*s    report   [concerning   competitive 

trials    of    machine    snow  plows..] 
(Railroad    gazette,    v.22:    372-73;    May   30,    1890) 

Further  .reply    to   Leslie    Brothers   by    inventor   of    Jull 
Excavator, 

1891^   Railroad   gazette,    [Editorial] 

[Snow  blockades    and    the    necessity    of   keeping    the    line 

open] 

(Railroad   gazette,    v.23:   748-4-9;    October   23,    1891) 
Necessity    for  efficient    snow  plows    to   meet    various 
operating- conditions    and    need    for  preparation   for 
winter   emergencies, 

1897.   The    Avalanche    at   Ophir,    Colo. 

(Railway    age,    v. 23  :' 228-29 ;    March    19,    1897} 

Accounts    of    the    avalanche    which    overwhelmed    the    Rio 
Grande    Southern   tracks    and   depot,    February   20,    1897. 

"«*44A11   the    country   between   the    Silver  Bell   and   Terrible 
mines    slid    at    once .... .From  the  mountain   top,    where    the 
slide    started^    to    the    depot,    is   about   1   1/2   miles* 
Nearly    one-third    the    distance    was   heavy    timber*    The 
snow  varied    from   15   feet    in  depth   at   the    starting  point 
to    three    feet   at   the   depot*      The    slide    swept    it   all* 

About    1.30   p.m., General   superintendent  W.D.Lee    arived 
with    the    rotary    snow  plow  and    four  engines,    and    a    shovel 
force    of    30  men,    and   began   clearing    the    track,    which 
was    completed   after  38  hours   of    steady   work.   The   trees 
and   boulders   were    removed   by   engines   after  being   uncover* 
ed   by    shovels.  When  these   were    removed    the    rotary   was 
brought    in   and   the    snow  thrown   out ... .This    was    the    only 
road    in  this    section   of    the    state   that  made    efforts   to 
keep    trains,  running. .„». „" 

Illustrated. 

1897  ,  Had  ley,  E.  ,W% 

Fighting  snow  on  the  railroadsof  the  northwest. 
(Scientific  American,  July  10.,  1897) 
Illustrated, 

1898*  The  November  snow  storm  on  Long  Inland. 

(Railroad  gazette,  v.22:  889-90;  December  16,1898.) 
Troubles  of  the  Long  Island  railroad. 
Work  of  the  Rotary  and  Russell  plows,  p.  890 
Illustrations,  showing  drifts  and  plows  pushing  through 
p.  890. 


""'    '"''.','  f   : 


-  ;   -  -  - 


.  ..  «   4  •  «  «       i   '. 


.\ 


'  *'  ^  ,: 

-, .-  . 

5?*-*  -i::rv   --     ::' 


Winter 
ervice 

25-        "Keeping    the    line    open"    during   various   blizzards,, 
1899.    Snow  blockades    [    on   western    roads] 

(Railroad   gazette,    v%31:    214;    March   24,    1899) 

Opening   the   Colorado  &    Southern,    Wyoming   division, 

1899.    Stonaker,    C.    L, 

A    Rocky  mountain    snow  blockade, 
(Railroad   gazette,    v,    31:    275;    April    21,    1899) 

"..From   the    evening    of    January    27th    to    the   evening    of 
April   14th,    the    railroad    company    fought    to   keep    the 
road    open,    but    without    success.    In   this    fight    two    Jull 
plows    and   a    rotary,    each   propelled    by   a   team   of    five 
locomotives    and   assisted   by    large    gangs    of   men,    were 
pressed    into    service.    At    one    time    one    crew   fought    the 
storm    forty    two   hours    without    stopping,    and   at   another 
two   engine    crews    were    rescued    from   the   mountain   side 
after  having   been    in    continuous    service    for   624  hours. 
On    the    last   day    two    locomotives    were    released    that  had 
been   frozen    in   for  seventy- three    days » • . » ,*It    is   esti- 
mated  that   the    cost    to    the    railroad   was    C60,000   in   out- 
lay   of    eash    in  battling    with   the    snow.    At    one    time   773 
men  were    at    work    in    fighting    snow,    and   the    February 
payroll    for   this    work   alone    was    "26,000,    Sixteen   stand- 
ard   gange    engines    were    used    in  bucking    snow,    and   1,000 
snow  shovels,    and    besides    this    was    a   great    outlay    for 
food.    The    Jull   plows    borrowed   from    other   roads    cost 
forty    dollars    a  <day.    The    Julls    proved    of    no    great 
service    in   nuch    great    drifts;    the    rotaries   are   much 
more    sat  isf  actory5* .  %  »  .  »The   Colorado    and   Southern   suffer- 
ed   almost   as    severaly   [    as    the    Colorado   Midland].,. * 
The   Denver  and    Rio   Grande    experienced    its    chief 
trouble    west    of    Leadville    in   the    Canyort   of    the   Grand 
River-,  .  ,  »" 

1901,    Floods    and    snowstorms, 

(Railroad    gazette,    v, 33:    289;    April    26,    1901) 
In  Pennsylvania   and   Massachusetts,    resulting    in  part 
from  melting    of    snow, 

1901,   Floods,    frosts   and    coal  famines* 

(Railroad   gazette,    v»33:    893;   December  27,    1901) 

"A   despatch   from  Wilkesbarre ,   Pa,,    on  the   17th,    estimat- 
ed   that   the    losses    on   the   Lehigh   Valley    railroad   would 
amount    to    over  a   million   dollars,,,," 
Flood    damages    thraaut    New  York    and    New  Englnad, 
Snow  blockades    in    the    western   states. 

Coal   famines    resulting    from  traffic    tie-up    due    to   floods 
and   cold    weather, 

1902  .Floods t  in  many    states. 

(Railroad   gazette,    v.34:    167 ;March  7,    1902) 

Floods    due    to   melting    snow  and    ice    doing   great   damage 
in   eastern    states. 


•'"'  .  .'.•'  . 


inter 
Jrvice 

26-         "Keeping   the    line    openwduring   various   blizzards, 
1902.   The    Ice    gorge    on  the  New  York    Central, 
(Railroad    gazette,    v.34:    223;    March    28,    1902) 

"..,., The    fall   of    temperature    which    followed    the    floods  had 
the    effect    of    uniting   the    loose    ice,    which  had   drifted   on 
the   track?    in   such   manner   that  the    workmen  had    to  practically 
make    a    cut    through    solid    ice,    which    varied   from    t.-4   ft.    to 
12    ft.    in   depth.      For  a   distance    of    three    quarters    of   a 
mile    or  more,    it   was   necessary    to    rebuild    the    roadbed.' 

1904.   Blocking   up    track    in  severe    cold   weather 

(Railroad   gazette,    v.36:    169;   March    11,    1904) 
Care    of    track    to  maintain  normal   speeds. 

1910.  He&rick,    Paul. 

The   Northwest's    railroad    disaster. 
(Harper's    weekly,    v.54:    27;    March    19,    1910) 
Snow   slide    at  Wellington,    Washington. 

1909  *  Wheatlyy,    A.   W, 

Methods    of    snow  fighting    on   railroads. 
(Engi nee  ring- Contract  ing,    May   26,.    1909) 
"Keeping    the    line    open". 
Types    and   work    of    snow  plows, 

1911.  Railway    and   ehgineering    review. [Editorial] 

[Keeping    the    line    open.j 

^Railway    and    engineering    review,    v.51:    180;   March   4,    1911) 
Keeping    tracks    clear  of    snow. 

1912.  Lawton,    L.    C. 

Fighting    snow    in  Kansas.. 
(    Railway   Age    gazette    v.52:    910-12;    April    19,1918) 

Winter   operation    on  the   Santa   Fe. 

Illustrated. 
Also    in   Railway   gazette    [London]  ,    v. 17  :   744-45  ;Dec  .27  , 1912  . 

English   account   of    winter  operation  difficulties    in 
United   States. 

1913.  Foote,    J.W* 

Snow  engineering. 
(Railway   age   gazette,    v.54:    354;    February    21,    1913) 

"...In   spite    of    the    large    annual   expenditures    for  the 
removal   of    snow  and    ice,    no    consideration  seems   to   be 
given  to    the   smew  problem  when   new   lines   are    con- 
structed ..  .Air  currents    are    as    real   as   water   currents, 
and    in  each  particular   location  a   study   of    them  will 
result    in  determining    the   direction   of    the   prevailing 
winter   wind. .....It    would    repay   railways   about  -to   be 

constructed   through   a    country   subject    to    snow,    to 
have   a   winter  study  made    in  addition  to   the   usual   lo- 
cation,   with   a   view  to    avoiding   serious    snow  con- 
ditions » .  .Years    of    battling   with    snow   should   be   a   strong 
argument    for  the    recognition  during    location   of   the 
importance    of   making   proper  provision    in  the    construc- 
tion  of    a   new  railway    for  means    to    eliminate   as    far  as 
possible    the    snow  hazards    now  encountered ...  . ." 


•     V.      ':-.     • .     •  '••  :      '.-'- 


8Ifi^      .    .-;. 


v  •'••    '..     .'  ,'     : 


•  •:::,-••     :     :. 

i  •••    ••.-•:=.;     i        •  •    • 


•• »  > . 
•s  : 


4     »  * 


.    -v    •'••  ••  -,    I  : :.  *e    v  J  T  —  , 
•     '•;,    •  \r-.-::.-^.          f;    --•>    . 

,;..-     ••  .•     .-. ;  ;    •    ••'-.•.*•     •, 


-.-,.  ^  - 

•i    .-     "  •  ;  • 


Winter  service 
-27- 


1913*  Removing  snow  slides  by  blasting. 

(Railway  age  gazette, v.  54:  349;  February  21,1913) 

"As  a  result  of  a  slide  across  the  line  of  one  of  the 
western  railways  the  snow  was  banked  about  40  feet  over 
the  rails  for  a  distance  of  about  600  feet. ..It  turned  cold 
and  the  snow  froze  hard. ..When  the  rotary  reached  this  point 
it  was  able  to  make  little  progress.. It  was  suggested  that 
the  snow  be  moved  by  dynamite, and  although  there  were  some 
fears  of  damage  to  the  track,  authority  was  given  to  try 
this  method,,. [Several]  shots  cleared... the  slide  in  about 
three  hours1  time  so  that  the  rotary  could  complete  the 
work  and  opne  the  line, -.Careful  examination  showed  that  the 
track  had  not  been  damaged*.." 

1913.  Terr  ant,  T.U 

Fighting  the  blizzard  on  the  Cleveland  division. 
(Baltimore  and  Ohio  employes'  magazine, v. 2 ; Dec ember, 1913, p .39-41 ) 

Illustrated  with  photographs  of  conditions  to  be  met  and 
methods  used  to  keep  The^line  open  during  the  storm  that 

began  November  9th, 1913, 

1914.  The  Pennsylvania's  fight  with  the  snow. 
(Railway  age  gaz ette,v. 56 ; March  27,1914) 

Account  of  experiences  and  expense  of  restoring  the  New  York 
division  after  the  heavy  storm  of  March  1  and  2,1914. 

1914.,  Fighting  snow  on  the  Ulster  and  Delaware  railroad. 
(Engineering  news, v. 71:  769;  April  9,1914) 

"•...Such  expensive  luxuries  as  rotary  snow  plows  are  so 
seldom  needed  in  this  southern  latitude  that  the  road  had 
to  be  cleared  with  the  ordinary  push  plow.  To  drive  the 
T>low  through  the  drifts.,  three  heaw  locomotives  were  at* 
tached  to  it;  but  notwithstanding  this,  the  plow  was  stuck 
five  times  at  this  point,  and  each  time  had  to  be  shoveled 
our  before  the  outfit  could  back  up  and  take  another  run  at 
the  dift..,»n 

Illustrations. 

1914.  How  the  Pennsylvania  fought  the  blizzard. 
(Engineering  record, April  11,1914) 

Stoy  of  the  tie-up  of  the  New  York  division  and  methods  of 
overcoming  snow  and  ice. 

1914.  How  a  great  railroad  copes  with  a  blizzard* 
(Railway  world,  v.58:  278-82;  April, 1914) 

Clearing  the  Pennsylvania  tracks  after  the  blizzard  of 
March  1-2,1914. 

191 4*  Schreiber,  Martin* 

Snow  removal  by  the  Public  Service  Railway  Company  between 
Jersey  City  and  CamdenfN»J, 
(Engineering  and  contractinf,  May  6jl914) 

Extracts  from  paper  before  Phila.snow  removal  conference. 
Description  of  organization,  equipment  and  methods  pursued* 


tr 


; 


i 

' 

.*-.  -     -     .          •-  -      "    ' 

"  •  »JK    '        .' '  ' 

'  "  J>8    ?-',       '       r  '  -         ' 


.    3ri.f  evi'i'b  oT  .w 

r 


.     , 


'         ' 


' 

"      .  '  '  "  '  .  "  -          .  '!- 


Winter 
Service 
-28- 


1915*  Clough.A.M. 

Importance  of  organization  in  fighting  snow* 
(Railway  age  gazette,  v.58:  146-47;  January  22  t  1915) 

"».»  Although  conditions  in  different  parts  of  the  country 
no  doubt  have  something  to  do  with  the  different  methods 
of  handling  snow  on  various  railroads,  the  preparations 
should  be  the  same  whatever  method  is  used.  Our  first  care 
is  to  see  that  plenty  of  good  equipment  is  provided,  that 
it  is  thoroughly  repaied  and  tested,  and  placed  at  required 
points  and  on  tracks  so  ss  to  be  easily  available  &t  any 
moment.  ...We  organize  the  men  who  are  competent  to  handle 
the  different  equipment  with  special  reference  to  their 
knowledge  of  the  territory  they  are  to  run  over,  sending 
these  men  over  the  different  lines  to  familiarize  themselves 
with  the  different  marks  and  obstructions  before  the  winter 
sets  in.  We  also  have  a  thorough  understanding  with  the  di- 
vision superintendent's  office  and  despatchers  in  regard  to 
furnishing  locomotives  and  crews  with  the  least  possible  de- 
lay when  called  upon  to  man  our  snow  fighting  equipment.*..* 

1915.  Whitney,H.O. 

The  snow  problem  at  its  worst* 

(Railway  age  gazette,  v.58:  145-46  j  January  22,1915) 
Snow  fighting  in  the  Province  of  Alberta,  Canada. 


1916 

Keeping  the  line  open  on  the  plains. 
(Railway  age  -gazette,  v*60:  118-19;  January  21,1916) 

"Fortunately  the  main  lines  in  this  part  of  the  country  have 
been  well  located  from  a  snow  fighting  standpoint  .«.»The 
most  difficult  problem  in  this  section  is  to  keep  the  branch 
lines  open.*.  The  rotaries  are  needed  more  for  keeping  the 
branch  lines  open  than  for  use  on  the  main  lines 


1916.  King,  Coleman, 

Fighting  snow  on  Long  Island. 
(Railway  age  gazette,  v.60:  11  7-1  8  j  January  21,1916) 

"....The  first  and  most  important  essential  is  the  proper  or- 
ganization of  snow  fighting  forces,  and  the  assigning  of  each 
man  or  group  of  men  to  a  different  fixed  locality.  For  several 
years,  the  Long  Island  has  been  endeavoring  year  by  year  to  per- 
fect its  snow  fighting  force  until  now  all  the  men  are  pretty 
thoroughly  conversant  with  the  best  method  of  coping  with 
every  kind  of  a  storm.  .».  Early  each  winter  a  staff  meeting  of 
the  heads  of  the  various  departments  is  held,  at  which  arrange-* 
ments  are  made  for  any  minor  repairs  to  snow  fighting  equipment 
and  their  locations  determined  at  convenient  points  on  the 
system  ready  for  immediate  use..*...." 

1916,  The  Great  storms  in  the  mountain  states* 

(Milwaukee  ry.  system  employes*  magazine,  v.SiHarch,  1916,  p.  32  -33) 
Work  of  the  C.M.,&  St»P.  employes  in  keeping  the  lines  open* 


i    • 

;.'•".....:  •'        •- 

; 


,  '• 


, 


,i 

i 

:••  •••'*  '':>?•>  :' 


Winter 

Service 


1916.  Ginet,J.H. 

The  Big  snow, 

(Milwaukee  ry.  system  employes1  magazine,  v.  3:  March,  1916,  p9  -2l) 
"*..0n  the  morning  of  February  3f  the  entire  Cle  El  urn  yard  was 

under  6  \/Z  feet  of  snow,  and  it  was  with  the  utmost  difficul- 
ty that  wer©  able  to  keep  a  track  open  to  the  roundhouse**..* 

Three  of  four  men,  usually  w-ith  a  dog  for  company,  day  and 

night  were  stationed  at  each  switch  and  worked  continuously 

to  keep  it  free  from  snow..,," 
Illustration.  ..p.20-21. 

1916.  St.  Paul  electrification  tested  by  worst  winter.  Times  when  every 
steam  engine  was  frozen,  but  the  electric  locomotives  went  right 
along. 
(Wall  street  journal,  April  4,1916,  p«3,  col.  3  ) 

Account  of  operation  of  electric  locomotives  during  severe 
winter  weather. 

1916.  The  Railways  and  the  blizzard. 

(Railway  gazette,  v.24:  394-95;  April  7,1916) 
"Keeping  the  line  open"  in  England, 
Illustrations.  .         N. 

1916.  The  Pennsylvania's  fight  with  the  snow* 
(Railway  gazette,  v.25:  656-59;  December  15rl916) 

"To  repair  the  actual  damage  done  by  the  exceptionally  heavy 
snow  and  sleet  storm  cost  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  more  than 
$500,  000....  The  loss,  direct  and  indirect,  amounted  to  two 
million  dollars....*" 

Wire  troubles.  p.  656-57* 

Table  of  stalled  trains,  showing  location  of  eachfp»658, 

Taking  care  of  passengers  on  stalled  trains,  p.658-59. 

1917.  The  1917  blizzards* 

(Milwaukee  railway  system  employes*  magazine,  v»4,  March,  1917,  p.  16-18) 
Snow  fighting  'in  the  northwest* 

1917*  How  railroad  defeated  snow. 

•  (Railway  and  marine  news,v*15;  March,  1917,  p.  12) 
Snow  blocakade  on  the  Union  Pacific* 

1917*  Alter,  Cecil  J* 

Bucking  the  big  drifts  in  Wyoming. 
(Engineering  news,  March  8,1917) 

How  February  snows  were  met  by  the  Rocky  Mountain  railroads* 
Also  in  Literary  digest,  v.54:  897;  March  31,1917* 

1917.  Keeping  the  line  open  in  winter* 

(Railway  maintenance  engineer,  v.  13:  3  89-91;  Dec  ember,  1917) 
Importance  of  preparedness  in  combating  snow  and  ice* 
Department  cooperation  essential. 


I 


. 
%.,-.."  i . 


...  .... 

•• 


(sx, 


- 


• 


Winter 
Service 
-30- 

1918.  Record  snowstorms  paralyze  transportation. 

(Railway  signal  engineer, v .11:45 -47 j February, 1918 ) 

Transportation  industry  through  the  entire  central  west  Com- 
pletely tied  up. 

Methods  used  by  signalmen  to  move  traffic* 

... Practically  no  traffic  was  delayed  during  these  storms  due 
to  the  failure  of  operation  of  automatic  signals  and  inter- 
lockings*  No  attempt  was  made  during  any  of  the  storms  to  Ij:eep 
other  than  main  line  switches,  or  switches  leading  into  yards 
that  were  being  used, open  at  the  various  interlockings  in  or 
near  Chicago.... "p. 46. 

n«. .Heretofore  it  has  been  found  necessary  during  cold  or  freez- 
ing woather  when  switches  began  to  throw  harder  than  usual  under 
ordinary  weather  conditions, to  start  up  the  generators  for  boos- 
ting the  Voltage  on  the  storage  batteries  to  care  for  the  addi- 
tional overload.  This  practice  can  be  eliminated  by  the  applica- 
tion of  a  mixture  of  five  gallons  of  keroses  oil  with  three 
quarts  of  black  oil  to  all  movable  parts  of  the  switch  points 
after  the  snow  has  been  removed  and  the  keroses  blow  torch 
used "p»47. 

"...The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  southwestern  and  the  Chi cago» Burling- 
ton and  Quincy  railroads  fitted  up  some  switch  engines  in 
various  terminals  with  steam  hose  to  clear  the  switches  and  de- 
rails around  interlocking  plants ...«"p. 47. 

1918.  Snow  and  ice  on  the  Pennsylvania.  ' 

(Railway  mechanical  engineer,  v.92:  143;  March,  1918) 

A  story  of  seven  week's  struggle  during  the  worst  winter  the 
Eastern  roads  ever  experienced, 

1918*  The  Pennsylvania's' fight  with  Jack  Frost  and  the  snow  banks*. 
-  (Railway  age,  v.64:447-49;March  1,1918> 

From  a  report  of  Elisha  Lee  regarding  traffic  conditions  in 
January  ,,1918. 

Similar  extract  in  the  Railway  review, v.6 2: 307-10; March  2,1918) 
««, Among  the  miscellaneous  results  reported  from  the  severe  cold 
•fn  all  divisions, were  air-h^ce  freezing, trains  stalling, trains 
parting  due  to  broken  couplings, hot  boxes  due  to  journal  boxes 
being  stripped  off  by  snow  and  ice, broken  rails* frozen  signals 
and  signal  wires, and  failures  of  interlocking  plant s«.»"p .448-49. 

*'The  report  deals  in  detail  with  the  effect  of  exteme  cold  in 

lowering  the  efficiency  of  unskilled  and  semi-skilled  labor  and 
in  making  it  impossible  in  many  cases  to  hold  men  in  the  service." 
Frozen  aah  pans, coal  freezing  in  cars, lubrication  in  journal 
boxes  freezing, frozen  roadbed, stalled  cars, etc... p. 448-49. 

1918.  Fighting  drifts  on  the  railways* 

(Scientific  American  supplement, v. 185: 164 j March  16,1918) 

1918,  Severe  winter  hampers  railway  operation. 
(Railway  age, v.64: 851-52; April  5,1918) 

Weather  conditions  throughout  country,pi^851-52. 
Emergency  measures  to  remove  snow. p. 852. 


~ 


-;••••-'      •  ..     .-:       :.-       ;•-.:..     '. 

':    *  -•.,,.    X- '-'v-.-    .-v-;:  r   •'  •"..'  -\     -  -.1 
*•••  n  4    v--.  >     .•••;.  '  •     •<••       :  : 

»:;V:.-~    '-• .-'    ;.-'•     ••":..  ,       *    :•'.;'• 
"r-;ri  ..;-     tlti     !   I     ••  ••.  J:  /•  ;'    irify 

.     •-..-:  •    .=  ?:       ..;      ,. 
-;.  ':.-  --  ••   :'.•:.-•.-    ••          ':  :•    .     . 
.••'•,' 


.     '  :  -  •        ;  ;  •••-..       •.      /'•:'-•-••       \\ 
. 

•         ;      :        ,  >        . 


j.'  :  - 


• 


r 

»    .  .        .    . 

. 

.  -  ^  ' .  ,\,~-  •      iiVjtWi 

. 


..  ^  .      .  .    =  •  '  - 

,:-.-.,:         ..-  .       ,     .     '-.       . 


Winter 
Service 
-31- 

-koaomotive  performance  under  winter  conditions* 
1909«  Railway  and  engineering  review^F^ditorial] 

Engine  failures  in  snow  sto.rmsf 

(Railway  and  engineering  review, y .49: 112; February  6,1909) 
Causes  of  failures..... 

1912*  French.W.L. 

Care  of  locomotives  in  cold  weather* 
(Locomotive  firemen  and  enginemenfs  magazine, v*52: 465-67 J Apr »1 912) 

1915.  Leland, Frank  H. 

Operating  Shay  locomotives* 

(Engineering  and  mining  journal^ v.99t729~30; April  24,1915) 
Difficulties  in  operating  this  type  of  power  especially 
during  winter* 

1918*  Railway  review»[ Editorial] 

Locomotive  operation  in  winter. 
(Railway  review,v,62:  66;  January  12,1918) 

Editorial  comment  on  photograph  of  Soo  Line  locomotive 
published  on  p»63  of  the  issue* 

",« President  Pearson  of  the  New  York, New  Haven  and  Hartford 
R*R», comment ing  on  the  interference  of  the  weather  with 
freight  movement  on  his  line,  states  that  because  of  the 
crold,  his  freight  engines  are  from  20  to  30  per  cent  less 
efficient  than  normally,  a  figures  that  if  anything, on 
analysis,  appears  too  small »«••*" 

*•.. Depend ing  on  the  severity  of  the  weather,  efficiency  of 
operation  of  the  human  machine  is  even  more  susceptible 
to  impairment  than  is  that  of  the  locomotive  itself,  and 
the  latter  being  entirely  dependent  on  the  former, suffers 
many  a  set-back  that,  with  more  stamina  on  the  part  of  the 
crew,  need  never  be  charged  up  against  it«*»«»"p«67. 


-'.-  tffl     - 


to  -•'.• 

•  '•-.',        •  '         ... 


.'•    %  . 


-  :•  - 


Winter 
Service 
-32- 

Cars, etc +t under  winter  conditions. 

1912,  Effects  of  cold  weather  on  train  resistance  and  tonnage  rating. 
(Rail\vay  and  engineering  reviewtv.52:  651-53;  July  12,1912) 

Results  of  a  series  of  experiments  by  the  Engineering  Experi 

ment  Station  of  the  University  of  Illinois. 
Charts  showing  resistances  under  varying  conditions. 

1913.  Foote.J.W. 

Snow  removal,  by  steam  radiation* 
(Railway  age  gazette, v,54:  497;  March  14,1913) 
Thawing  out  frozen  cars,  pipes, etc. «.. 

1915.  Thawing  out  frozen  cars*  % 

(Railway  age  gazette, Mechanical  edition, v. 89: 574; November,  1915 ) 
Thawing  houeg^  <vt*  the  6hicago,and  Western  Indiana  at 

Chicago. 
Processes  described* 

1918,  Linn, Scott  W. 

A  modern  plant  for  thawing  coal  in  cars. 
(Railway  age,  v.64:  805-06;  March  29,1918) 
Description  of  plant  at  South  Amboy,N.J» 
Proeeeses  described.*. 


\ 


( •:  .  fr 


]'.- 


j  Winter 

(Service 

-33- 

Snow  shovels, plows, etc* 

1870.  Huntington,  Willie m  0. 

A  Chapter  en  j now  plows. 
(Railroad  gazette, v»2: 146 -47; November  12,1070) 

"».., There  is  nothing  of  equal  importance  connected  with  rail- 
road management  so  generally  neglected  as  the  timely  provision 
of  efficient  apparatus  for  removing  sncw*.««" 

"...The  annuals-reports  of  the  Massachusetts  railroads  for  the 
five  years  erging  in  1859  showed  that  the  greatest  expense 
of  removing  snow  was,  for  any  year  of  the  five, $68  per  mile; 
while  for  the*  years  attended  with  the  least  expense  it  was 
$13  per  m:le,,.My  memory  fails  to  giver  the  average  but  I  be- 
lieve it  was  "among  the  forties"  .• .«« 

»«»There  are  certain  mechanical  principles  necessary  in  the  con- 
struction of  a  snow  plow  to  secure  efficiency » »»It  is  a  common 
fault  with  Ptost  snow  plows  that  they  are  built  wedge  shaped, 
with  a  view  to  push  of  throw  the  snow  on  one  sideror  rather  on 
both  sides  On  a  single  track*,».A  plow  should  be  constructed 
so  as  to  jraisje  the  snow  before  throwing  it  on  one  side*..*.*' 

nAs  the  requirements  for  a  first-class  "big  snow-plow"  differ 
widely  according  to  climate, locatior^-.otc, ,*. it  is  not  best  for 
railroad  n»3n  to  follow  strictly  the  design  or  principle  adopted 
by  other. railroads, unless  their  railroads  are  similarly  located 
in  regard  to  snow....»." 

1885*  The  Rotary  ct«;arn  snow  shovel. 

(Railroad  gaz stte, v,17:  259;  April  24,1885) 
Description  of  an  early  model. 

11387,  Rotary  snow  plow* 

(Railroad  gazette, vJL8:  356;  May  27,1887) 

Further  description  of  early  models,  and  their  effectiveness* 

1887.  The  Rotary  steam  snow  shovel- 

(Railroad  gazette, v.19:  810-11;  December  16,1887) 
Description  of  improved  models* 

1888,  Nevon's  flange  scraper, 

(Railroad  gazette,  v*20:  71-72;  February  3,1888) 

Diagrams  and  description  of  machine  first  used  toy -the  Maine 
Central* 

1888,  CUse  of  rotary  snow  plows  in  keeping  the  northwestern  lines  open»J 
(Railroad  gazette* v.20:  127;  February  24,1888) 

"«,.,0n  the  Northern  Pacific  the  switchback  over  the  Stampede 
Pass  was  kept  clear  by  the  aid  of  one  rotary,  a  feat  which 
was  regarded  impossible  in  the  light  of  past  experience.  Many 
of  the  Northern  Pacific  branches  in  Minnesota  and  Dakota  had 
been  blocked  for  many  weeks  before  the  rotary  shovels  arrived 
from  the  East,  but  though  the  snow  had  been  blown  hard  and  was 
full  of  sand  and  dirt,  and  fr*sen  nearly  as  hard  as  sandstone, 
the  rotary  shovels  successfully  cut  their  way  through  and  en- 
abled traffic  to  be  resumed  «•  .«,„  ..  „" 


I 


•4  - 

. 

- 

| 

.       I,  -.          .       -  .  ( 

-•  -VT  •  (•    "  •       -  ;  •"  •    -  •-          '•:••• 

••-••,.-::  v.  •      .       '    .    •  •          ... 

I,      •  -,  _;  .  .   .  ..    .      .fi    .  -    -  .  :    -        ' 

-        -  •    •  •••  \^':A,       ...  . .  .-: 

:'  ''      '     ;  .... 

-   :  .  -.---    . 

.'     - 
-  •.     -      .  • ; 


, 


:   .     •'        .      •  -    •• 

•     .  ~   '  •       k         ..,'.. 

.  .  .  .        ,      otr;.';.    ....'- 

:       ' ;-'     '-  :  ,,    .     C  *£ 

•'..•' 


inter 

ervice 

-34- 

Snow  shovels,  plows,  etc  « 


1887 

The  rotary  steam  snow  shovel* 

(Railroad  gazette,  v,19:  128-29;  February  25,188?) 
Sketch  of  the  dovolopment  of  the  rotary. 
Adoption  of  various  changes  in  machine  and  why  made* 

18&§^  The  Railroad  snow  excavator. 

(Railroad  gazette,  v.20:  219;  April  8t1888) 
Model  patented  by  George  Cox. 

"...The  essential  feature  of  the  machine  is  a  revolving  fan 
wheelfabour  9  feet  id  diameter,  mounted  on  a  horizontal  shaft. 
The  fan  wheel  carries  longitudinal  knives  and  vanes-"  the 
knives  to  the  cut  snow  and  ice,  and  the  vanes  to  carry  it  back 
into  a  chamber  from  which  it  is  thrown  out  by  the  centrifugal 
force  and  the  aur  current  established...,  ."p.  219. 

1888*  The  Rotary  steam  snow  shovel. 

(Railroad  gazette,  v.20:  250-52;  April  20,1888) 

Description  of  improvements,  with  some  account  of  the  successful 
performances  of  the  rolary. 
Illustrations. 

1888*  The  Leslie  rotary  steam  snow  shovel. 

(Railroad  gazette,  v.20:  664-65  ;0ctober  .12,1888) 
Description. 
Diagrams. 

"....The  weight  of  the  rotary  in  complete  working  order  is 
about  110,000  pounds...." 

1888.  The  Leslie  rotary  steam  snow  shovel. 

(Scientific  American  supplement,  v.26:10791-92  ;  December  15,1888) 
Furthar  description  of  the  Leslie  model* 

1889,  Snow  plows  and  flangers. 

(Railroad  gazette,  v.21:  18-20;  January  11,1889) 

Discussion  before  the  Northwest  railroad  club  on  types,  effec- 
tiveness, improvements  proposed  ....*.« 

1889.  Rail  flangers. 

(Railroad  gazette,  v.  21:  105-06;  February  15,1889) 

Continuation  of  discussion  before  the  Northwest  railroad  club..- 

1889.  lull's  centrifugal  snow  excavator. 

(Railroad  gazette,  v.21:209;March  29,1889) 

**»«..  It  will  be  seen  that  the  excavating  apparatus  is  a 
radical  departure  from  the  form  made  familiar  in  the  rotary. 
The  cutting  plates  are  placed  spirally  on  a  cone  which  stands  . 
diagonally  across  the  hood.  These  blades  have  a  sharper  pitch 
towards  the  apex  than  at  the  base  of  the  cone,  and  are  concave, 
so  as  to  carry  the  snow  back  as  it  is  cut  off.  The  snow  is  dig- 
charged  through  openings  at  the  top  of  the  hood  in  the  same  way 
as  it  is  from  the  rotary,  and  may  be  thrown  out  en  either  side 
of  the  track,  according  to  the  direction  of  the  wind...**" 


(r-i/'~  ,;      -   , 

-•" -  ;    '"       --.       •  .  -..    ..'.--. 


:-  '  .-;    -::£<,aa  ;  ;  :   *' 

ikj       tfrtt     ".-  .  •'•      -:        ,-  .:    j         .'    '- 


V  "    2  -  --••.  - 


.•'. 


>          '"  p-\Jfl      .  :.  f-.-' 

•  •    •  :     '       :' 


:     ,  • .     •         :      -..-•     :     .;    : 


. ,-.'    : ;         .      •  ,  .'-     ' .-  " 


Winter 

Service 

-34- 

Snow  shovels, plows, etc, 

1889,  The  Cyclone  snow  plow. 

(Railroad  gazette, v*21:274-75$  April  26,1889) 

"..-.This  snow  plow  is  double  acting-  that  is,  it  bores  intc 
the  snow  bank  -and  throws  the  snow  to  one  side  by  two  distinct 
mechanisms.  In  front  there  is  a  large  expanding  spiral, like 
the  end  of  a  gimlet  magnified,  which  bores  into  the  snow  bank 
in  advance  of  the  fan  or  discharging  wheel,  to  which  it  deli- 
vers the  snow,  which  is  then  ejected  to  either  side  of  the>- 
track  as  may  be  desired;  a  large  damper  in  the  discharging  pipe 
controlling  the  direction  of  the  stream  of  snow.  The  spiral 
auger  is  driven  by  a  pair  of  mandarin  engines  mounted  at  right 
angles  on  the  same  shaft  and  revolving  always  in  the  same  di- 
rection..,.* ,"p,274. 

1889,  Cyclone  snow  plow* 

(Railroad  gazette, v.2l:  304-05;  May  10,1889) 
Description  and  diagrams  of  model. 

89,  The  Jull  snow  excavator  on  the  Rome, Water town  and  Ogdensburg. 
(Railroad  r~zette,y.21:613 ;  September  20,1889) 

Statements  by  G.H.Hazelton, Superintendent  of  Motive  Power, as 
to  results  of  trials  of  the  Jull  machine* 

1890.  The  Jull  snow  excavator, 

(Railroad  gazette, v.22:  12 3 -2 4; February  21,1890-) 

Performances  of  excavator  in  clearing  the  Union  Pacific  lines. 

1890*  The  season's  work  of  the  rotary  snov, shovel* 
(Railroad  gazette, v.22: 141; February  28,1890- 
Its  work  in  Clearing  various  lines  of  snow, 

1890 %  The  Rotary  snow  plow, 

(Railroad  gazette, v. 22: 208; March  28,1890) 
Description  of  improved  models. 

1890,  Competitive  trials  of  the  rotary  and  other  machine  snow  plows* 
(Railroad  gazette, v.22:355-56 ;May  23,1890) 

Jull, Rotary, Cyclone  and  other  machines  in  competition. 

1890,  Otis, Charles  H, 

Competitive  trials  of  machine  snow  plows. 
(Railroad  gazette, v.22:  371-72;  May  30,1890) 

Statement  by  Treasurer  of  the  Jull  manufacturing  company, 
concerning  claims  made  by  Leslie  Borthers  manufacturing 
company  about  supremacy  of  the  rotary  over  the  Jull  exca- 
vator. 


1890.  Jull, Orange. 

Extracts  from  Mr. 


•lull's  report 


(Railroad  gfcette,  v.22:372-73  ;May  30.189O-) 

Report  on  performance  of  Jull  excavator  during  competitive 
trials. 


f  .. 


.•:*:,-. 


"'••••'  •--  '     ":-. 


v     ----- 


-  -  '•  .-.. 


•-      -fjS       •-••  .       :  .-     . 

*•  '"    -  "  •:    . 


- 


••'••'     ;       '    .      'I          .-.    |        .     '-.         :^  ...  .     ^          '  ^  '          V 

'•'•  /:.          :/         - 


"  i^    •']      I       '       '  '    -          -'     - 

-     M'«    .  -'  \n  ''  '     :      '     "'     '       -      -  -I     :r:,.-:  ."  ^ 


i-..  ...     -,  .-»=     -  v     -,. 

i     :;?'.."      -,.:     *;.  •"          '';     •    !         -        -     S--      -,-..;        - 

f-  1  1  »o          '        -  -'    •   :        '         •  ^     •      r    •:       -•  .'\'\ 

**.,'"  i  «    :--;'    ''--  '       •    -  •*  • 

-".'.''.  '  *       "      '  '     •     -'  '  'l  . 

•  -     Wl  -.•  '   •  •.  v  .-     -   . 


'":>  -:- 


• 


L-J  --  -      5-     T- 


' 


.   :  .  -'•  •    ,  .. 


"K\ 


' 


-;      .!>. 


:"     ;.  .     ;;.    *     :      ^-.       ",  ~         .  "     " 

--       «     'C,       -,._       : 


Winter 
Service 
-35- 

Snow  shovels, plows, etc... 
1891.  The  Jull  snow  plow. 

(Railroad  gazette, v,23:  186;  March  13,1891) 

"A  correspondent.  „. present  at  the  tial  of  the  Jull  snow  plow 
<*n  the  Union  Pacific  Short  Line,March  1,  writes,  as  follows:- 
"I  caanot  speak  too  highly  of  the  action  of  the  plow;  it  went 
through  everything  and  came  back  without  a  scratch  or  break 
and  without  a  hot  box...." 

1891.  The  Russell  snow  plow. 

(Railroad  gazette, v,23:  742-44;October  23,189l) 

"...The  plow  is  built  in  threa  styles  of  three  sizes  each- 
the  single  track,  th-3  double  track  and  the  plow  with  •'. 
elevator  wiiu^vir. ..The  first  is,  as  the  name  indicates,  in- 
tended for  clearing  a  single  track  road,  and  throws  the  snow 
equally  on  each  side  of  the  roadway.  The  second  is  to  clear 
double  track  roads, throws  the  snow  entirely -to  the  right, and 
can  also  be  successfully  used  in  clearing  side  cuttings  on  a 
hillside.  The  third  has  a  peculiar  form  of  elevator  wings  on 
the  ?idef  which  widen  the  cut  and  throw  the  snow  out  at  the 
top, as  will  be  expalined  later.. .,.*w 
Diagrams, p. 742 -43, 

1891,  Improvements  in  the  Rotary  snow  plow. 
(Railroad  gazette, v. 23:  912-13;  December  25, 1891 ) 

New  wheel  and  other  improvements. 
Diagrams, 

1892.  The  Jull  snow  plow. 

(Railroad  gazette, v. 24.  39*40;  January  15,1892) 

"....During  the  last  winter,  this  plow  has  received  hard  usage 
in  the  West,  and  advantage  has  been  taken  of  all  the  experience 
gained  to  improve  the  machine...." 
Descriptions  of  latest  improvements, with  illustrations.. 

1892.  The  Jull  snow  excavator, 

Railroad  gazette, v.24:  215;  March  18,1892) 
Concerning  prices, 

1893.  Rotary  steam  snow  plows  at  the  Columbian  Exposition. 

(London  Engineer, Sept ember  1,1893, p. 26 9) 

Illustrated  descriptions  with  dimensions  and  cost  of  operation. 
Also  in  Engineering  news,  September  14, 1T>93,  pp.206-07  ) 

1893,  The  Russell  snow  plow.  Full  details  and  description  of  the  Russell  wing 
elevator  snow  plow .Exhibited  at  the  Columbian  exposition. 
(London  Engineer, October  13, 1893, p. 446 ) 

1893.  The  Russell  snow  plow. 

(Railway  review,v.33:  299;  May  13,1893) 

1894.  Michigan  Central  snow  plow  and  flanger. 

(Railroad  gazette, v,28: 405 ;  June  8, 3694  ) 

"..This  t>low  was  designed  bv  Mr.  A.G.Dailoy,  Supt  .of  Tracks  and 


' -;;'  Ht  •     -   •   ,..     .•;:'.'       ~'  ' 

'.  "  '"'  .'•  °  '    r  '    ;' •   '  'J  I   •  ,  •'      ."   • 

"'''•'  <">:-'-     -.'     .    .~. ..'.._         • 

«*,,  ";  -        •  -..;    ,:-;  '•'   '  f"'*«:!---  • .' ,  • 
' 


./!-! 


_ 
;'.J-    : ,. 


.  :  ^     ^         t     r-'^.-c    j.i 

A      .  .^  .  •  -  -  -   -      -.-R  ,.  /, 

i-  ih».  .  .  "          . 


•-'    :     :.  -    . 

•  ••      .-. 


\     -  -•-;:  v      •:-  -         .  ':     .„  .-.    .  .- 

•* "     »  -  "    •  -  *  fc     -   '  "  -5  — ' 

"  '  >--.     ,     -'.     ' 


*    ..->. 

•'  ."•    -J  =. 


<•    •        :•  ';, 


Winter 

Service 

-36- 

Snow  shovels,  plows,  etc., 

1894,,  New  Ergland  roadmasters*  association* 
,   Snow  plows  and  flangers* 
(Railroad  gazette, v, 26:576-77 jAugust  24,1894) 

Report,  of  a  committee  on  preparation  for  use  of  snow  plowa^etc..* 
".»JThe  committee  does  not  discuss  the  rotary  or  other  machine 
plows  as  they  are  not  thought  essential  in  New  England*.." 

1894*  A  Compressed  air  ice  plow* 

(Railroad  gazette, v, 24:666; September  28,1894) 

"v».The  idea  of  replacing  the  pilot  of  a  locomotive  by  an  ice 
plow  or  flanger  and  operating  the  same  by  means  of  air  pres- 
sure- is,  we  believe,  somewhat  nove^v  THit  the  idea  hag  been 
ingeniously  worked  out  is  shown  by  the  accompanying  illustra- 
tion, and  that  the  arrangements  is  a  practical  success  was 
proved  by  the  good  work  done  by  it  last  vinter.,»It  gave  en- 
tire satisfation  both  in  removing  the.  ics  from  near  the  rail 
on  the  inside  and  in  removing  the  comb  that  forms  midway  be- 
tween the  rails.* ..." 

1395*  Snow  flaa  ger  mounted  on  flat  car* 

(Railroad  gazette, v.27:64;February  1,1895) 

"...The  illustrations  show  an  inexpensive, strong  and  service- 
able snow  flanger*,,.." 

1895,  The  Rotary  snow  plow  on  ths  New  York  Central* 
(Railroad  gazette, v.27:  lI?*l*^ifcu2riy,:23^1QS$) 
Performance  in  clearing  lines  of  deep  snow. 

1895*  Tho  Russell  snow  plow  on  the  New  York  Central. 
(Railroad  gazette, v.27:  197-98 jMarch  29,1895) 

"»*.The  main  peculiarity  of  this  plow  is  the  "power  bar"  of 
white  oak  timber  12  i'n.  x  12  in,  in  section,  and  as  long  as 
the  body  of  the  machine.  The  front  end  of  this  bar  is  con- 
nee  tod  to  the  frams  over  the  center  of  tho  forward  truck,  and 
it  abuts  against  the  "backbone"  of  the  inclined  front  endjits 
rear  end  extends  to  and  beyond  the  rear  end  of  the  plow.,  and 
is  coupled  directly  to  the  engine.  The  power  of  the  locomotive 
is  therefore  always  applied  at  the  front  end  of  the  plow  and 
not  at  the  rear. ».».." 

18%.  Snow  plow.  Grand  Trunk  railway. 

(Railway  master  mechanic  .November,  18%) 

Illustrated  description  of  a  plow  made  in  the  shops  of  the 
cpmpany,  which  successfully  clears  the  tracks,. • 

18%.  War  man,  Cy. 

The  battle  of  the  snow  plows. 
(McClure's  magazine, November, 1896 ) 

Illustrated  descriptiffc  f>f  a  snow  plow  contest  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains, with  a  brief  account  of  pilot  plows  and  bucking  snow. 

1896*  Hydraulic  attachment  for  raising  rotary  snow  plows- 
Railway  review, v.36:  November  21,18%) 


..     :       .        -      .  .-^  ,      -    •- 
-•.•••*      -.  .  .      •  ,       .     -' 


•;  •-..•_••-•       ;'        • 

•••••'  '.,  ' 

• 


.>'!•. 

•   '      •      -  ; 

.       '    ' 
'•    '  '   * 

•-.        : 


" 


37-/ 

Snow  shovels, plows, etc . 

1897.  Antz,  Oscar. 

Snow  flanger  operated  by  air-  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern 
railway. 

(American  engineering  and  railroad  journal, March,  1897') 
Illustrated  detailed  description* 

1897,  A  Snow  flanger  operated  by  compressed  air. 

(Railroad  gazette,  v. 29:  813;  November  19,189?) 

Decsription  of  the  Q.&  C.  Priest  snow  flangsr* 

1899.  A  Russell  snow  plow. 

(Railroad  gazette, v.31:  331;  May  12,1899) 
Type  used  on  the  New  York  Central. 

900.  Machine  snow  plows  on  the  Colorado  Midland  railway. 
(Engineering  news, no. 34; August  23,1900fp.l33) 
Discussion  of  t.he  various  types  used. 

1900.  Wilder's   snow  plows. 

(Railroad  gazette, v. 32:  469;  July  6,1900-} 

"..The  Wilder  double  end  plow,  for  single  or  double  track  work, 
can  be  run  with  either  end  forward,  and  therefore  saves  the  - 
time  and  trouble  of  turning ...,." 

1900.  Snow  ploughs. 

(Railroad^ gazette, v.32:  498;  July  20,1900) 

Communication  with   i-^«»pect  to  Wilder  snow  plows  from  the 

Russell  snow  plow  company* 

"...,We  claim  that  Mr.  Wilder  owns  nothing  in  the  snow  plow  line 
worth  building.. .."Statement  by  Russell  snow  plow  company. 

1900.  Machine  snow  plows  on  the  Colorado  Midland  railway* 
(Engineering  news, August  23,1900) 

Gives  the  results  obtained  by  this  road  in  trials  of  the  two 
kinds  of  excavators  used  in  this  country. 

1900.  Eastern  maintenance  of  way  association. 

[Discussion  on  "Recent  improvements  in  handling  snowj 
(Railroad  gazette, v,32:  631-32;  September  28,1900) 

Discussion  of  the  relative  merits  of  snow  plows  1fif  various 
types,  and  of  flangers. 

1900.  Snow  plow, Vermont  Valley  railroad • 

(Railway  and  engineering  review, v.40:  562-63 ; October  6,1900) 

Illustrated  description  of  the  type  built  to  meet  various  con- 
ditions on  the  Valley  line. 

1901.  The  Use  of  snow  plows  and  flangers, Union  Pacific  railroad. 
(Railway  and  engineering  review,  v*41: 799;December  14, 1901 ) 

Types  used  and  effectiveness  discussed* 

1901,  The  Uss  of  snow  plows  and  flangers. 

(Engineering  news, no .5, January  31, 1901, p. 84) 

Where  and  why  used.  Discussion  of  types, with  illustrations- 


• 


.  : ;. . 

•     f 

•ff 


iter 
-vice 


Snow  shovels, plows, etc. 

1901.  Snow  upon  railways. 

(Scientific  American  supplement, March  30,1901)   ^ 

Discusses  methods  used  to  remove  accumulations  of  snow. 
From  L'lllustration. 

1902.  Self-turning  snow  plow  on  the  Del  aware,  Lac  kawar.-na  &  Western  RR« 
(Railway  and  engineering  review, v.42:  114-15 {February  22,1902) 

Describes  car  with  self-contained  turntable  arrangement  for 
turning  tho  plow  end  at  any  point  without  having  to  use 
stationary  tuimtable. 

1903.  Fawcett,Waldon. 

Winter  obstacles  to  transportation. 
(Scientific  American, January  3,1903) 

Discusses  various  devices  used  in  the  United  States  for  clear- 
ing tracks:  -of  snow,  and  breaking  ice  in  the  pathway  of 
steamers* 

1904.  The  Russell  snow  plow. 

(Railway  and  engineering  review, v. 44: 2 91; April  16,1904) 

Special  fleatures-typess  f  or  single-  and  double-track  work. 
Illustrations  of  sach  type. 

1905%  Rotary  snow  plow,C.,N.W.  &  P.  r£. 

(Railway  and  engineering  review, v-45: 87 ;February  11,1905) 

Special  features  for. conditions  along  this  railroad  described 
^Illustrated. 

1905.  A  Novel   ice   flanger. 

(Railroad  gazette, v.38:  353; April  14,1905) 

•..specially  designed  for  the  Boston  &  Maine* 
Illustrations, 

1905.  Haverkamp  Begemann,E.P, 

Beschuttingtegen  sneeuw  in  de  Sierra  Nevada, in  gebruik  bij  de 
spoorwegen  der  Southern  Pacific  company, 
(ingenieur, no. 41; October  14, I905tp.659) 

Discussion  of  types  used  and  conditions  to  be  mat  on  the 
Southern  Pacific. 

1906,  Effect  of  snow  on  New  York  Central  third  rail, 

(Railway  and  engineering  review, v. 46: 11 9; February  24,1906) 

"...The  entire  results  Cof  the  experiments  to  determine  the 
effect  of  snow  on  third  rail]  were  taken  to  show  that  the 
third  rail  as  adopted  by  the  New  York  central  is  the  most 
favorable  type  now  at  hand;  and  that  the  usual  form  of  snow 
plow  should  receive  some  modifications  on  the  thirs-rail 
roads. 

1906.  The  Battey  railway  ico  cuttor  and  track  flangar. 

(Locomotive  firemen's  magazine, v. 40^ 7 41-43 ; June, 1906 ) 
Description. 


''    '>•   ,:-?.-,,    >  •-• 
-,'••••     -      •«"     :.  U 


V-/V-.        • 


,    •  . 

* 


•  :.'..7-f.  :-?•-.  .  .-;••     ••      ,-     <-• 

- 

>'•-'_,"-.  "  /        .     -'     .       "X       •  •  •     .  '") 

'    "*'    "'  :  '    '       :  ''•    '       ^;  '     W°       ;         '-"  '  ::'••'•     T       :  -•  v    .•     .  "• 
:'     '  f"  l*:'*       "•'     '   •       '  •       •  r:.'---  •-.'.-.    -..        ,'.   :  •--     T-v      .-  •          • 


,  ;>. 
'        .'    V, 

^-     ^     '.•'•:        .  -    -       -  .  y  ,  .     '••;  .       ..:  ' 

••-•••.••  -    i        -   '    ~  ,...    ..  f    -_     ...    j     | 

•:-/«     :-        •  •        •  -' 


I.  II    w.  •••:<•     '-.".  V' •'..":    H -: 
"    * 


,  •  -      .   .  ' 
/, J    a  ;.-•    .    , _,.       .  .  si  ?« 

'       &    --    ..  ...  .          -.  -.  .  38    :   .      ;.  . 


.-•^-•:  -    '  - 

:/;,.     .  ri*:     •>    ,-,,-. 
•  C  £' 


•          -       -    .- 

•*-  l'  "*   V.    ;; 


-    .- 


..      . 
•       :A  ••»."'..  .•!  I    -     - 


••'      :T     •••-    '      ••.-    •  •• ,. 

•  :      •   •  •-    ••-  .  •.  --n  s  > . 


ter  • 

vice 
If. 

ISnow  shovels,  plows,  etc* 

1906,  Root  locomotive  snow  scraper, 

(Railroad  gazette,  v.  40:  184,  General  News  Section,  June  29,1906) 

«..It  consists  of  two  scrapers  made  of  spring  steel*  carrisd 
by  a  broad  spring  which  is  attached  to  a  shaft  carried  in 
hangers  from  the  front  fork  of  the  locomotive  frame*  A  lever 
arm  is  mounted  on  the  shaft  just  inside  the  frames,and  to  the 
end  of  this  lever  arm  is  fastened  an  air  cylinder;  also  bolted 
to  the  frame  .*....." 

1906.  Rotary  snow  plows  on  the  Denver,  Northwestern  and  Pacific* 

(Railroad  gazette,  v.51:578;December  28,1906) 
"••••the  largest  in  the  world..." 
Illustrations. 

1907,  Rotary  snow  plow  for  the  Denver,  Northwestern  and  Pacific* 
(Railroad  gazette,  v.42:  114;  January  25,190?) 

Improved  models  of  .the  lai-gest  snow  plows  in  the  world. 
Illustrations  of  the  plows  in  action. 

1907.  Large  rotary  snow  plow,D»N<.W.&P»  railway. 

(Railway  and  engineering  review,v.  47:  63-64;  January  26,1907) 
Another  description  of  tho  improved  models. 

1907,  Tho  Rotary  in  the  Rockies. 

(Railway  and  locomotive  engineering,  v*20:  99-102  ;March,  1907  1 

Described  the  large  rotaries  used  and  what  they  accomplish. 

1908%  Chasse-neige  americaine  a  action  centrifuge- 

(Revue  generale-des  chemins  de  f  or,  no.  3,  March,  I908,p«253) 
*  discussion  of  American  snow  plows* 


1910.  Claudy,C.H* 

How  a  railway  shovels  snow. 
(St  ^Nicholas,  December,  1910,  p,  147  -51  ) 

Processes  described  in  non-technical  language. 

1910V  Rotary  snow  plow. 

(Railway  master  mechanic,  v.34:527-31;December,  1910) 

Results  obtained  by  its  use  on  various  railways,  with  sugges- 

tions as  to  improvements  and  special  types* 
Illustrated* 

1911.  Gnow  flangers* 

(Railway  age   gazette,  v.50:  1484;  June  17,1911  ) 

"»..a  new  development.  »  .The   flanger.,is  mounted  on  a  truck  which 
is  equipped  with  means   for  raising  and  lowering  the  flangerk 
blades  by  air..  .[this]     type  of  flanger  is  the  Ray   self-con- 
tained  flanger...," 
Illustrations. 


••--•      ~:    •- 


(Bll 


jlnter 
jrvice 
-40- 

Snow  shovels, plows, etc, 

1913.  Vaughn, H.H. 

Rotary  snow  plows. 
(Railway  master  mechanic,  v.,37;  January,  1913,  p. 9-13) 

"•••The  rotary  snow  plow  was  originally  invented  by  J.W.Elliott, 
a  dentist  «f  Toronto, who  in  1869,  took  out  a  patent  on  a  "com- 
pound revolving  snow  shovel" -...No  practical  use  was,  however, 
made  of  this  invent ion, but  the  idea  was  later  taken  up  by  Jull, 
who  improved  the ^Elliott  wheel  by  placing  a  knife  or  cutting 
wheel  in  front  of  it.  This  knife  wheel  was  intended  to  cut  the 
snow  from  the  bank  and  pass  it  into  the  fan  wheel  behind  it, by 
which  it  could  be  discharged  through  the  top  of  the  casing.The 
Jull  invention  was  taken  up  by  the  Leslie  Brothers, of  Orange- 
ville, Ontario, who  proceeded  to  construct  a  full  sizeworking 
model.. ..The  first  working  model  of  this  plow  was  erected  on 
the  end  of  a  flat  car  during  the  winter  of  1883*-84  at  the  Cana«* 
dian  Pacific  Railway  shops  at  Par kd ale...*" 

Historical  sketch  of  the  development  of  th 3  rotary*  - 

Illustrations* 
Also  in  Engineering  record, January  11,1913. 

1913.  Lewis,E.R. 

A  pilot  snow  plow. 
(Railway  age  gazette, v.54t  255-56 j  February  7,1913) 

"...Every  locomotive  which  is  expected  to  make  a  trip  in  such 
weather  [blizzards  and  storms]  should  carry  its  own  protec- 
tion against  drifting  snow.  The  ideal  equipemtn  is  the  com- 
bined pilot  plow  and  flanger,one  style  of  which  is  shown  in 
the  accompanying  illustration.. ..They  will  handle  snow  in 
drifts  from  6  to  10  feet  deep...." 

Diagrams. . 

1915.  Machine  replaces  shovel  gangs* 

(illustrated  world, v.24:  550-52 j Dec ember, 1915) 
Use  of  spreader... 

1917.  Rotary  snow  plow  the  invention  of  an  0-W.RR.and  N.  employe. 

(Pacific  semaphoretv. 5:  2;  December  15,1917) 
Sketch  of  development. 
Photograph  of  track  clearing  equipment  of  Ore-Wash.RR.&N.  co. 

1918.  Widening  cuts  through  the  snow  drifts  with  a  spreader. 

(Canadian  ry.  and  marine  world, no .235: 2 98; July, 1918) 
Results  obtained. 
Illustrated* 


L 


.  '  .  "• 

-    i  *  '         • 

'.          •  '. 

'-        T  •         ; 

•' 


* 


. 


Winter 
Service 

-41- 
III.  Gnow  fighting  on  Electric  Railroads. 

1891.  An  Electric  snow  sweeper. 

(Railroad  gazette, v. 23:  713;  October  9,189l) 

Description  of  tho  Thomson-Houston  snow  swweper  for 
electric  railroads  . 

'2.  Electric  snow  sweepers. 

(Railroad  gazette, v.24:  249;  April  1,18.92) 

Effective  work  of  the  Thomson-Houston  snow  sweeper  during 
Severe  storms  in  Duluth,Minn- 

*92*  Snow  sweeper  for  electric  street  railroads. 

(Scientific  American  supplement, Dec embe"  31,1892) 

Type  designed  by  the  General  Electric  GO,, Boston, Mass. 

1895,  Snow  plow  for  electric  railroads, 

^Railroad  gazette, v.27:  83;  February  8,1895) 

Description  of  -plow  built  by  Taunton  locomotive  construction 
company  for  city  and  suburban  work. 

1895,  Taunton  sprinkler*!  and  snow  plows  for  street  railroads. 
[Kailroad  gazette, v.27:673;0ctober  11,189S) 

Description  of  share  plow  for  double  track  work. 
Illustrations. 

1895.  Electric  snow  plow  for  street  railways  of  Pennsylvania  traction  co«, 
Lancaster,  Pa. 

(Street  railway  journal,  January, 1895 ) 
Illustrations. 

18%*  Tho  Rotary  snow  plow  on  Buffalo  street  railroads* 
(Railroad  gazette, v.28:  233;  April  3,1896) 

Description  of  Ruggles  rotary  track  cleaner. 
Illustrations. 

1897.  A  Pneumatic  snow  plow* 

(Street  railway  review, March  15,1897) 

Description  of  pneumatic  snow  plow  used  on  the  At^nta 

consolidated  street  railway. 
Illustrations* 

1899.  Fighting  snow. 

(Street  railway  review, January  15,1899} 

Description,  with  illustrations  of  methods  used  by  roada  in 
several  western  cities. 

1899,  Donner, William  Herbert. 

Snow-bound  str 3et  car  systems* 
(American  electrician, February  1899) 

Suggestions  for  keeping  the  line  open^with  details  concerning 
ma  nag  ement . 

1899*  The  Massachusetts  street  cleaning-  law. 

(Railroad  gazettetv.31:  9-10;  January  6,1899) 
How  it  applies  to  street  railroads* 


I 


,. 


•     ;    ;   ."  .  _ 
t .' 


Winter 
Service 
-42- 

Electric  railroads, confd. 

1900.  Smith,  Joseph  H, 

A  four  motor  snow  plow, 
(Street  railway  review, February  15,1900) 

Illustrated  description  of  a  powerful  snow  plow  built  for 
"the  Interstate  consolidated  street  railway  company  of 
North  Attletoro.Mass, 

1901.  Snow  clearance. 

(Electric  revi ew, London, June  21, 1901 ) 

Discusses  methods  used  to  keep  street  railway  tracks  cleared  in 
locations  where  th^re  is  heavy  snowfall. 

1902.  Reed,W.Boardman. 

Removal  of  snow  and  ice  in  the  Borough  of  Manhattan. 
(Street  railway  journal,  Sept  ?,mber  13,1902) 

Paper  read  at  convention  of  the  N.Y. State  street  railway  asso- 
ciation. 
Discusses  methods  in  New  York  City  to  jreep  tracks  and  streets 

clear  of  snow. 
Also  in  Street  railway  review, November  20,1902. 

1902.  Conway,J.F, 

Equipment  and  organization  for  properly  handling  snow  storms, 
(Street  railway  journal, November  2 9,1  $0.2) 

Paper  before  New  England  street  railway  club* 
Suggestions  and  directions* 

1902,  The  Removal  of  snow  in  New  York  City, 
(Engineering  record, December  13,1902) 

Explanation  of  form  of  contract  by  which  snow  is  to  be  removed 
this  winter.. with  discussion  of  advantages  of  system* 

1903.  Snow  fighting  in  Buffalo, 

(Street  railway  j our nalf March  28,1903) 

Illustrates  and  describes  apparatus  used. 

1905.  A  Novel  snow  compressing  machine. 
(Engineering  news, July  27,1905) 

Description  of  a  machine  for  dealing  with  snow  in  the  city* 

1905*  Connette,E.G, 

Snow  removal  in  Syracuse. 
(Street  railway  journal, January  28,1905) 

Illustrated  account  of  methods  found  successful  in  a  city 
subject  to  heavy  snow  storms* 

1907.  Snow  plows  for  electric  railway s* 

(Railway  and  engineering  review, v .47: 975-76 ; November  9,1907) 
Types  for  various  kinds  of  work. 

"%  ..In  the  constrcution  of  these  plows  the  latest  MCB  practice 
is  followed  in  preparing  and  assembling  timber  and  material.*..11 


-43- 

Electric  railroad  3.  cont'd. 

1910.  Snow  fighting  methods  and  organization  fo  the  Metropolitan  street 

ra  ilwuy  c  ompany  » 
(Electric  railway  jourr.al,  v,  35:731-35:  ApriO  23,1^10) 

Explanation  o.  the.  organization  and  methods  of  the  New  York 
\,c  cope  with  winter  condition..  • 
ar:l  illustrations. 


1911.   Snow-fighting    equipment    for  the  Brooklyn  rapid    trasit   system. 
(Electric   railway   j  our  nal,v,  36  ;  February  11,  1911  ) 
Description,  of   lone-broom   snow  sweepers. 
Illustrated, 

1911.  Snow  fighting,   on  a   single  phase    electric   railroad. 
(Railway  and   engineering,  reviev,v»$  1:  1124;  December  30,  1911  ) 

Keeping   op  ^n  the   Spokane  and   Inland  riilvcad* 
Illustration* 

1912.  Jones,  Charles  J. 

Winter  troubles  on  electric  railways- 
(Engineering  news,  October  10,1912) 

Abstract  of  paper  before  Illinois  electric  railway  association, 
Discusses  snow  fences,  plows,  methods  of  fighting,  etc, 

1914,  Mullett,H.A, 

Snow  fighting  equip^em*,  of  Milwaukee  company* 
(Electric  traction,  Mcv^abcr,  1914} 

Description  of  snow  plows,  ewe  spers  and  oth^r  equipment  used 
by  the  company  ir  fighting  snow« 

1915-  A  Solution  for  the  sncw  proclem* 

(Electric  railway  journal,  February  13,1915) 

Doscriptioii  o*  a  new  form  of   snow  sweeper  which  clears  a 
tweive'-fojt   path  beside   the  rails* 

1915.  Gaboury,A. 

Fighting  the  storm  king  in  Montreal, 
(Electric  tract!  en,  November,  1915) 

Methods  and  equipment  for  snow  removal, 
Illustrations, 

1917.  Frost  causes  electric  railways*  hold-up. 
(Railway  gazette,  v,  27  {January  26  f  1917) 

Trouble  on  London  transit  facilities  due  to^  coating  of 
ic-3  on  the  conductors, 

Addenda:  - 

1895,  Snow  plow  and  rail  scraper  used  by  Richmond  City  ry,  co. 
(Street  railway  j  ournal,  January,  1895) 

1»895.  Hirt's  patent  electric  steel  snow  plow,  made  by  J,L»White  mfg*co» 
(Strsct  railway  journal,  January,  1895  ) 

..Similar  article  in  Electrical  engineering,  January  2,1895. 
Illustrated, 


Winter 

Service  ^ 

-44- 

2V,  Winter  service  conditions  in  Alaska  and  Canada. 

Alaska* 

1900,  Fighting  sriow  in  Alaska.. 

(Railway  and  en^in -.crin?  review,  v»4C:  185  j  April 

"»..»In  anticipation  of  trouble  from  deep  snow  a  narrow-gage 
snow  plow  of  the  ordinary  rctary  type. special ly  constructed 
for  the  road,  had  teen  t>rov:lded  in  season;  and  owing  to  the 
drjfitng  of  th°  sr.ow.,  which  had  bean  the  principal  sounce  of 
t.rruble,;  t»y>  s'T'.-'.cen  of  tMs  machine  hav-?  been 
to  train  operation*.,**1 

Fhotogr?phs  of  uh  :  rotary  at  work  on  the  White  Pass  and 
ra  i Iway  « 

1913.  Hurja,EmilF» 

Farthest  north  in  railroading* 
(Technical  world, v*20:244-45 ; October, 1913 ) 

Account  of  the  operation  of  the  Tanana  valley  railroad, Alaska, 

1914.  HurjatEmil  Eft 

Bucking  snow  in  southern  Alaska* 
(Technical  world,  v.20:  754-55 ;  January-,  1914) 

"The  difficulties  of  railroad  operation  probably  are  nowhere  30 
great  as  on  tin  Copper  river  and  Northwestern  railway  in  south- 
ern Alaska* ».„ -Because  of  the  enormous  snowfall  in  th©  Copper 
river  valley, several  rotary  snow  plows  are  kept  in  constant 
readiness  in  the  winter  for  use  on  the  road»  There  are  numerous 
snowslides  and,  to  increase  the  difficulties  of  railroad  opera- 
tiont  water  overflov/s  from  the  frozen  river, and  "glaciers" over 
*.he  tracks,*  During  the  v/j.ntsr  of  1 912 -1 3 1 dynamite  was  necessary 
to  remove  the  ice  sheet  from  the  track* ». In  some  places  the 
snow  was  forty  feet  deep*  Some  of  the  oil-burning  rotaries  were 
stalled  on  the  road  without  fuel,  making  it  necessary  to  trans- 
port oil  wi th  dog  t earns ««•." 

Photographs  of  the  rotaries  at  work,  and  being  thawed  out  of 
drift s.>*.  > 

1915.  Operating  an  Alaskan  railway  in  winter* 
(Popular  mechanics, v*23:  238-39;  February ,1915} 

Account  of  difficulties  to  be  overcome,. » 


v~   ••••    "r-     »*!    .    i  .. 
n  i  >  . 

"  .  !  ; 

"'••'!),:: 

fet  .• 

-"£•  .:.          _ 

-    ••    •  . 

:  .-•-.--- 
:•_:-.- 

••  .'         ~ 


Winter 
Service 
-45- 
Canada , 


1880-82.  Lavoinne,£douard.... 

Les  chemins  der  fer  en  Amerique,par  E«Lavoinne.  »-et  E. 
Pontzen, 

Par  i  s  ,    Dunod  ,  18  80  -82  a 

•   v,  24-25   czru,    and  2   atlases   of  77  plu(diags*   and  maps). 
Plates. 

Volo  l*Constr\5ction» 
Vol«   2*  Operation* 

Chapter  8f*rcl«»I  ^Protection  against  snow. 
Considsrs  physical  conditions  and  various  types  of 
protective  devices* 

1892.  Harkom,J»W. 

Snow  on  railroads* 
(Railroad  gazette,  v.24:  858-59;  November  18,1892) 

Extracts  from  a  paper  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Canadian 

society  of  civil  engineers* 
Also  in  Engineering  news,  Dec  ember  29^1892,  p.602-03. 

1905.  Hutchinson,E,B. 

Fighting  the  snow  on  a  Canadi&n  Railway, 
(Railway  magazine,  nc  -.102,  December^  1905,  p*475) 

Description  of  methods,  and  various  weather  condtionc* 

1908-  Type  of  snow  plow  used  on  the  Quebec  and  Lake  St*John, 
(Railroad  gazette,  v.44?  506;  April  10,1908) 

•••••During  the  winder  of  1907#<,,when  neighboring  railroads 
were  closed  for  days  at  a  time,  the  Quebec  and  Lake  St*John 
maintained  it«  regular  service*  This  was  accomplished  by 
the  efficiency  of  ths  snow  plows  used*..  They  were  designed 
and  built  by  men  on  the  road,  .<,  These  plows  have  been  used 
exclusively  during  the  last  20  years  and  have  done  fine  work."* 
Illustration^ 

1913..  Rotary  snow  plow,  Canadian  Pacific  Railway, 

(Railway  and  engineering  review,  v*53:  58-5  9  {January  18,1913) 

Extracts  from  paper  before  Canadian  society  of  civil  engineers* 
sketch,  noting  .virious  improvements* 


1913.  Vaughn,  H.H, 

Rotary   snow  plows* 

(Railway  master  mechanic,  v»37:  9-13  ;  January,  1913  ) 
Primarily  an  historical   sketcho 

1914«   Ice-breaking  car   ferry   for  St«Lawrence  river  at  Quebec* 
(Railway   review,  v.55:32l-23;September  12,1914) 

"....to   carry   freight  and  passenger  trains  across  the  Stu 
Lawrence." 


... 


• 


'', 


•  rv-        . 

;. 
•      ;     "... 


-    '  :  .'.          ...     "  V  '   • 

7iK'     ••:.'***        ' 

•-•-•>•  :- 

'  -  :    '  '  ''-'- 

""'.>>:  '.  "  '        -.-      • 


*   f  : 

••^'  .         -':•  ' 


'  •    :. 

- 

-        : 


,...  '  • 

• 

• 


Winter 

Service 

-46- 

Canada, cont fd. 

1914,  Monroe, R,J, 

The  handling  of  snow  and  care  of  track  in  winter* 
(Railway  world, v. 58:  986-87;  December, 1914) 

Special  precc.utions»and  conditions  prs^ailing  in  Canada* 

1915,.  Whitney,  H.O. 

The  snow  problem  at  its  worst* 

(Raileay  age  gazette, v. 58:  145-46;  January  22,1915) 
«..in  northwest  Canada, 
Preparations  in  the  Fall, 
Beeping  the  line  opar.  during  winter  weather, 

1916,  Snowplow  types  on  Canadian  railways. 

(Commerce  reports, December  21, 1 916 ,p .1102) 

"%.,In  the  new  snow  plows  the  large  drawbar  castings  on  ths 
front  are  extended  to  enable  them  to  be  coupled  together, i 
necessary, "nose-  to  nose".  The  side  wings  are  remodeled  and 
have  curved  plates  instead  of  straight  ones*  An  ice  cutter 
is  fitted  to  the  forward  truck*..*" 


1917 


«  Snow  ploughs  for  Canadian  government  railroads* 
(Canadian  ry,  and  marine  world, no .2 31: 176; May ,191?) 


Description  of  improved  type. 
Illustrations. 

918,  Widening  cuts  through  snow  drifts  with  a  spreader, 

(Canadian  ry  .  and  marine  world, no *235:  298;  July,  1918 ) 
On  Canadian  Pacific  main  line,- 
Illustrated, 


•   •       -  •: 


.- 

. 
, 

'-       -  7    01J5    £' 

^«0 


. 


Inter 

ervice- 

47- 

V.  Winter  service  on  European  railroads* 
General. 

1910.  Williams,  Archibald. 

The  romance  of  modern  locomotion* 
London,  C.A.pea5on,ltd.,  1910, 
367  p.  8° 

Chapter  10,  p.164-73,  "Fighting  the  snow". 
Popular  account. 

1911,  Hartnell,F.S. 

All  about  railways* 

London  and  New  York,  Cassell  and  co.  ltd.,  1911, 
Chapter  17,p,254-62,"The  fight  with  the  snow". 
Popular  general  account. 

Specific  articles* 

185  9«  Perdonnet,  Auguste..,* 

Notions  generales  sur  les  chemins  de  fer*-.. 
Paris,  Lacroix-  et  Baudry,  1859. 
452  p*  illus.  fold  .pi.,  tables,  18  1/2  cm. 

It  is  important...  in  studying  the  layout  of  railroads  to 

into  account  the  action  that  winds  might  be  able  to 
have  on  the  progress  of  trains.  ."pk!17r  vol.  I. 
It  is  necessary,  in  mountainous  countries  especially,  to  direct 
the  layout  of  the  lines  in  a  manner  [that  will]  protect  them  . 
as  much  as  possible,  from  snow  masses.  .  •  ."p«117,vol%I. 
Methods  used  on  the  railroads  in  Bavaria  and  Wurttembergrp.H7f 


%. 

Methods  used  on  the  St»Petersburg  to  Moscow  line,  p.  117-18,  v.  I. 

Precautions  taken  or  about  to  be  taken  against  snow  and  drifts 
on  various  German  railroads  as  reported  by  Goschler,  Chief  en- 
gineer of  the  Eastern  railway  of  France.  .  .p%65  9-61,  vol.  i« 

Resume:  Influence  of  snow,  p.  803-04,  vol.11. 

*       * 

1887^  Rocca,M. 

Expose  de  la  question  des  mesures  contre  les  neiges  (Art.V.  du 
questionnaire  de  la  deuxi«B*  session  du  Congres) 

(Bulletin  of  the  International  railway  congress,  v.  1:6  90-7  41;  August, 
1887) 

An  intensive  study  of  methods  of  snow  protection,  and  clearing 
railway  lines,  made  by  the  then  Engineer  and  sub-Inspector  of 
tho  Mediterranean  railway  lines  of  Italy,  in  answer  to  Question 
5,  "What  are  the  precautions  to  take  in  order  to  avoid  blockades 
of  railways  by  snow,  and  what  are  the  most  efficacious  and  eco- 
nomical systems  for  clearing  away  snow  Cfrom  the  linesTJ 
Preventive  measures>Part  I,  p.6  90-712. 

"».«The  engineer  should  acquaint  himself  ,  before  the  construction 
of  the  line  even  be  commenced,  with  the  conditions  it  will  have 
to  meet  with  reference  to  snow,  and  he  should  study  out  the  best 
means  to  protect  the  line  against  the  snow  and  to  assure  its 
operation  Tin  winter],  p.6  90,  .»»• 
Protection  against  heavy  snowfall,  p.  6  93  -94. 
Protection  against  drifts,  p»6  94-711. 


30T 


'     :T^i> 


• 

....  ,  f  •• 

.   •"• 

*          -      -"       i-.*^(UBJ^ 
*J  •    ••  ,.,;::.:•: 

'•  I»Iovfr  • '    • 

..     .          -,-.:,  .  •:".  ,-  •-.  :  •  •  .  ;     . 

•   .      .  •      .  .  -.:••     •:>•>.:  '    ;     - 

»  i.i<5V,VII.q' ,  .'4  .  r,  :  -i •'  :( 

X1BTBH  •  •  •   -.      ' 


.  •     '    •  .  ;       ;..-•• 

.  "    ..  .••-••:-• 

•  :  .IZ.'lov,.     '      " 


r" 


'"  "• 


'>jjp 


'  >;  tf  ficu  ';: 

'        •    •  •  "  •         :"  •        '  f'  " 

;  oetoiq  wone   lo  aboritonr  1: 
•'  ^nil  v 

.'••  •          .  •  «••  , 

..    :  -  .        ..-      .  .  .  .    ; 

Hw  t?^£    t*0iv 


-    - 


-Service 
-48- 

Europe, cont'd* 

1887.  Rocca,M.(cont'd) 

Expose  de  la  question  des  mesures  contre  les  neiges*-««« 
(Bulletin- of  the  International  Railway  congress, v.l: 6 90-7 41; 
August, 1887) 

Protection  against  drifts, p. 6 94-711* 

Conditions  met  with  on  various  railroads  throughout  the 
world, types  of  hedges, fences, etc.  used  to  protect  railway 
lines  in  several  countries,  discussed  in  detail. 
Protection  against  avalanc hes.p .711-712 . 
Clearing  away  snow, Part  II, p. 712-7 40. 

Different  types  of  snow  plows, and  other  snow  fighting  devices 

as  used  on  railways  of  Europe  and  America, discussed, p.713-27.  , 
Hand  shoveling, p, 727-31. 
Use  of  salt, p. 731-32.. '!We  believe  that  the  use  of  salt... is  not 

to  be  recommended  for  railway  lines,  and  crossings*. ••• 
Recruiting  of,p.732-33. 
Expenses, p. 735-40. 
Bibliography, p. 740-41, refarring  to  French, Swiss, German  and 

Russian  books  and  periodicals.. 
Note  by  Administration  of  the  Southern  railway  of  Russiafp» 

993-1003, Aug., 1887m4th  fascicule, dealing  with  snow  headges 

as  used  in  Russia. 
Discussion  by  Section  of  the  International  Ry -Congress»p.l431- 

1447,  December, 1887 .[is sue  of  Bulletin] 
Discussion  by  entire  Congress, p.1448-50, December,  1887* 
Appendix  by  M.Pogrebinsky,p.l4Sl-55: Notes  on  expenses  of  clear- 
ing away  snow  in  Russia]]  cover  ing  period  of  20  years  for  each 

railway]  Dec  ember,  1887  issue. 

1888.  Snow  screens  on  Russian  railroads. 
^Railroad  gazette, v,20:  176;  March  16,1888) 

"...Russian  railways  only  use  to  a  limited  extent  the  steam  snow 
ploughs  and  appliances  in  vogue  in  Russia,  and  for  the  most  part 
reliance  is  placed  on  large  detachments  of  laborers  drafted 
into  the  districts  where  the  drifts  prevail. ...Alongside  those 
sections  of  the  line  where  the  snow  has  a  tendency  to  drift, of 
late  years  it  has  been  the  custom  to  erect  rough  screens  of 
wood, consisting  of  palisades  2  in.  apart,  and  extending  some- 
times for  miles.  This  is  found  very  serviceable  for  the  pro- 
tection of  cuttings.  Still  better  are  hedges  formed  of  fir  trees 
planted  closely  together  and  kept  .well  trimmed.....1 

1891,  Pollack, Vincenz. 

Avalanches  in  Austria  and  Switzerland. 
(Railroad  gazette, v.23:  671;  September  25, 1891 ) 

Extracts  from  a  paper  published  in  the  Journal  of  the  Austrian 
engineer's  and  architect's  club* 

Measures  for  .protection. 

"..The  paper  begins  with  an  account  in  detail  of  the  avalanche 
localities  and  an  historical  review  of  the  effects  produced. 
Herr  Pollack  has  visited  most  of  the  sites  in  question.  He 
has  furthermore  made  a  fundamental  study  of  the  whole  question 
and  started  a  system  of  snow  observation  in  the  High  Alps  of 


,IIV~ 

• 

.' 


' 


• 

- 


WOft; 

' 

- 

r'iiib 

-ocw 

"   't        f .  r  .-7- 


t  f!  i 


. 


i 

« 


_v     .    *• 


pinter 

I3ervi.ce 
-49- 

Europe,  cont  *d. 

1691.  Pollack,  Vincenz..*(cont'd) 

Avalanches  in  Austria  and  Switzerland-,.  . 
(Railroad  gazette,  v.23:671;  Aeptember  25,189l) 

Austria  by  readings  on  a  gauge,  accompanied  by  meteorological 
observations,  in  hopes  of  getting  ta  the  causes  tending  to 
avalanches,  and  aioio  to  enable  the  railroad  suthorities  to 
know  of  the  BM?  stance  of  specially  dangerous  conditions  .»•" 
In  Switzerland,  protection  against  avalanches  has  been  of 
three  kindr,rr  Fi.r<?tt  arches  over  roads  to  let  the  snow  pass 
over;  .sec  ond,  masonry  bvcast  w&J.ls  or  jetties  to  stop  or  de- 
flect the  current  of  the  avalanches;  and  third,  apparatus  for 
the  purpose  of  preventing  the  snow  from  sliding  on  the  fields 
from  which  it  starts  .«..,«" 
t 

1898,  Snow  fences  in  France  » 

(Railroad  gazettt  ,  v-30:  813  j  November  11,1898) 

Thres  stylos  on  the  Paris,Lyon  &  Mediterranean**.* 
Russian  type,  English  type  and  Danish  type,  in  imitation  of  the 
fences  used  in  those  countries,  respectively. 

1899^  Birk,A, 

Schneebag^er  von  Paullts^hko,, 

(Organ  fur  d^e  f  ortschri  tbe  des  eisenbahnwesens.  ,no-10  &  ll,0ctober- 
Novomber,  IS  39,  p  »233  <. 

Description  of  a  German  type  of  snow  shoveling  apparatus. 

1900,  Kareiscba%oarge  ?„ 

Mesur'j.'  CLr.;ti9  les  nef.ges  sur  les  chemins  da  fer  russes«Rapport 
et  di^cu^s.)  DVU:* 
(Glleznod  01  o  j  noye  Di  elo  r  no  ^  v»  v<.  p  a?.6'.l  ) 

-  Proactive  devices  on  Russian  railroads. 

1900  .  [Gelesncdoro  j  ncy  e  Dielo] 

-  x  Tables  des  articles,,  observations  et  rapports  inseres  dans  "I'Art 
du  chamin  d.e  fer"  relatif?  ai^x  mesiires  centre  les  neiges." 


1900*  Fietser,  J.  . 

Report  no  -I.'  Hungary)  on  the  question  of  the  fcathods  of  dealing 
vith  snrwo 

("Bulletin  of  the  International  Railway  congress,  v.  14:648-84;  April, 
1900) 

English  e-ition* 

A  report  on  the  question,  "Means  adopted  for  preventing  the  accu- 
mulation of  snow  on  the  line  and  for  clearing  it  away  *Consi  dera- 
tion of  the  results  obtained  since  the  Milan  session(l887)[SEE 
1887,Rocca,M»]  from  the  point  of  view  of  safety  and  economy.*1 
Consideration  of  the  physiography  of  Hungary,  p  ,649-51* 
Methods  of  investigating  causes  of  drifts,  etc.  and  of  obtaining 

storm  warnings,  p.  653-54. 

Description  of  protective  works,  p,  655-56. 
Diagrams  and  illustrations,  p.658-59,  661-64. 


• 


Q    V 


Winter 

Service 

-50- 

Europe, cont'd, 

1900.  Fletzer,!. 

Report, no* I, (Hungary) on  the  question  of  the  methods  of  dealing 
with  snow. 

(Bulletin  of  the  International  Railway  Congress, v. 14: 648-84; April, 
1900) 

Methods  used  for  clearing  away  snow, p. 665-72. 

Diagrams  and  illustrations,?, 667-70. 

Rotary  snow  plows  and  their  work  on  Hungarian  railways,p*^72<"74- 
Financial  results, p.674-80. 

1900*  Vorkehrungen  urn  den  Schnee  zu  entfernen* 

(Organ  fur  die  Fortschritte  des  Eisenbahnwesen,  Heft  5,May,l900t 
p-117) 

MethoqLs  of  removing  snow.  * 

From  the  Bulletin  fo  the  International  Ry.cong.,no,l, Jan.,l9< 

1900.  Blum, 

Erfahrungen  uber  Schnee schutz-Massnahmen  auf  den  russichen 
eisenbahnen,  . 

(Centralblatt  der  Bauverwaltung, no. 70, 5 -September, 1900,  p*427 ) 

From  the  Bulletin  of  the  International  Railway  Congress, no.4f 
April, 1900,2d  fascicule. 

1901*  Kareischa, Serge  de. 

Report, no*  2  (Russia)  on  the  question  of  methods  of  deaSng 
with  snow<, 

(Bulletin  of  the  International  railway  congress, v»15s 1087 -1365 J 
June, 1 901 ) 

Resume  of  operating  conditions  during  a  number  of  severe  storms, 

p. 1089-92. 

Preventive  measures, p*1092 -1205, 

First  group:  To  plan  the  course  of  the  line  according  to  the 
natures  of  the  ground.  To  adopt  a  cross  section  of  form  and 
dimensions  calculated  to  diminish  or  completely  counteract 
the  injurious  effects  of  snow, p .1092-1126 . 

Meteorological  observation  service, adapted  to  the  special  re- 
quirements of  railway  service/.p.  1093-1112,wi th  tables* 
Influence  of  local  conditions  on  the  possibility  of  railways  . 
becoming  snowed  up, p, 1105-1112, with  tables  and  maps  • 
Influence  of  the  course  of  railways  on  the  possibility  of  any 

obstruction  on  the  line, p. 1112 -1113. 

Influence  of  the  dimensions  of  the  cross  section  on  tfte 
possibility  of  snow  accumulations, p.H14-1127twith  tables, 
maps  and  diagrams* 

Second  Group:  Special  arrangements  independent  of  the;lin<5 
to  prevent  the  accumulation  of  snow  on  the  t rack, p»112 8-l«267. 
Special  arrangements  for  carrying  the  snow  over  the  track  with- 
out previous  accumulati on, p .,1127-1133) 


•    • 


-.    ' ~ . 


. 
::-»'. 

T  ' 

' 


Winter 
Service- 
-51- 
Europetcontfd, 


19QL  Kareij-cha,  Serge  de. 

Peport,no.2.  (Russia)  on  the  question  of  methods  of  dealing  with 


snow. 


. 

(Bulletin  of  the  International  Railway  congress,  v.,14:  1087-1365}  June, 
1901) 

Special  arrangements  for  the  purpose  of  accumulating  the  snow  in 
fron  of  the  track  and  in  certain  cases  of  carrying  it  over  the 
same,  p«1133-1260,  with  numerous  illustrations,  tables  and  diagrams. 
[.This  section  discusses  snow  fences,  hedges,  etc.of  all  kindsj 
Protection  against  the  formation  of  accumulations  on  railways 

by  means  of  the  precautions  included  in  Group  II,  p»1260-67, 

with  illustrations. 
Snow  clearing  on  railways* 

Th'ird  Group-Removal  of  snow  accumulated  on  the  Iine,p*l268-1338» 
Proper  maintenance  of  parts  on  the  ground  level,p*1268-70» 
General  remarks  in  refernce  to  the  clearing  away  of  accumulations, 

p.1271-73, 

Traffic  organization  in  wintertp.  1273-83,  with  illustrations. 
Lina  claaring  by  means  of  the  snow  plough,  p.  1283-1311rwith 

numerous  tables,  diagrams  and  illustrations* 
Clearing  accumulations  by  shovel,  p.  1311-12  • 
Types  of  snow  ploughs,  p.  1312-18fwith  tables. 
Cost  of  clearing  the  Iine,p.l318fwith  tables* 
Estimate  of  the  cost  of  maintenance  of  line  in  winter  and  of 

regards  for  savings  affected  therefrom,  p.  1318*1338,  with  tables 

and  diagrams, 
Summary  ,p»133  9-42  , 
List  of  papers  and  works  consulted  in  drawing  up  the  report, 

p.  1343-45  ,[Note:-  All  of  these  documents  were  written  or  printed 

exclusively  in  Russian*] 

1302,  Schubert,  E, 

IHe  form  und  grosse  der  Schneeablagerungen  an  SchneezSunen* 
(Organ  filr  die  Frotschritte  des  eisenbahnweseas,!  Heft,l902frp*l) 
Consideration  of  snow  deposits  and  snow  hedges* 
Illustrations. 

1902.  Schubert.E* 

Uber  Schneeschutzenlagen  auf  russichen  eisenbahnenV 
(Organ  fur  die  Fortschritte  des  eisenbahnwesens.  .2  Heft,  1902,  p.  2?) 
Consideration  of  measures  and  principles  set  forth  in  Mr«Serge 
de  Kareischa's  artcile  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  International 
Railway  congress,  Arpil,1900) 

1902,  T6cherniavsky,A. 

^   Les  encombrements  de  neige  sur  les  chemins  de  fer  et  les  mesures 
a  prendre  pour  les  eviter, 
(Geleznodorojnoye'  Dielo,  no.2-3,1902tp.25) 

Snow  blockades  on  railroads  and  preventive  measures* 

Illustrations. 

Continued  in  Geleznodorojnoye  Dielo,no.7,  1902,  p,  75  « 


• 


:o  noi 


•  '•    •  :    -  .  .-  •     ,..-.  •-"•-- 

>  "  •  • 

''  "~  ••  •  -  .  r      '••  ~  •  L-   ->~  •        " 

-;     ''•""' '  '     '".    ."•   -  ''    '        'i 

'"•• 

•       . 


.     ,       .    ,.      -  •;.< 


•        '  "  !  «  "•»*    *  '  "  •  •      .  '  ' 

'"•  '        '  .        -  -.'>:/•••    '•*  V 


'  .-     .-  1     •  I  ..  ' 

-      ^  »-!*K"*j 

:    Lg.<         '      •'  *      l' 


" 


U.«l.  ' 

.    ,-.     • 


..,  v. 


:    - 

.    ' 


Winter 
Service- 
-52- 

Europe, cont'd. 

1903.  Der  Scneesturm  am  19.  vmd  20  April, d.J.  im  Eisenbahn  direktion- 
bezirk  Stettin. 
(Zeitung  des  Vereins, no, 38:  May  16, 1903, p. 594) 

Effects  of  great  snow  storm  on  railway  operation  in  a  German 
state* 

1904*  Schmedes.K. 

Schneepflug  fur  vollspurige  Bahnen  sum  Gebrauch  bei  Schneever- 
wehungen  bis  zu  2M  H<5he» 

(Zeitung  des  Vereinr,no,91, 19,November,l904,p.l425 ) 
Description  of  u  special  type  of  snow  plow. 
Illustration,    • 

1905*  Chasae-neise  automcteur  du  chemin  de  fer  electrique  de  Saint-Gall 
a  Trogen  (Suisse) 
(Genie  civil,  no  .1233:  428;0ctober  28,1905) 

Description  of  an  electric  snow  plow  used  by  road  in  Switzerland. 
Illustration* 

1907 ^  Snow  plough  for  tli»  Caledonian  railway » 
(Engineering  [London]  March  8,1907) 

Illustrated  3escription  of  an  improved  form  of  wedge-shaped 
plow* 

1908,  [Snow  fences  ur.ed  in  France] 
(Railroad  gazo-tte,  v.44t  636 ;  May  8jl909> 

Tupes  of  yci'table  snow  fenced  Used  on  French  railways. 

1909,  Herzenstein^r. 

Masuros  -:ontre  les  neiges.  ficran  des  bois  de  type  nouveau* 
(Bulletin  du  comite  perman%  des-  confer*  consult*  des  agents  des- 
dif ferei.-ts  services  des  chemins  de  (*t  russes,no.if  1909^p.29> 
Description  of  a  new  type  of  snow  screens* 
Illustration 
Continued  in  Bull*de  comite  perman.CetcJ,no«2,p.llO- 

1909*  Conte,M, 

A  rotary  snow  plough  on  the  Orleans  railway .[Chasso-neige  ro- 
tatif  a  vapeur  de  la  compagnie  d*0rl3ans] 
(Revue  genorale  des  chemins  de  fer,Mayt!909) 
Illustrated  description* 

1909,  Recenti   tipi  di   carri   spartinsve  e   spazzaneve  meccanici, 
(ingegneria   f erroviaria,no.3,Fberuary  l,1909fp,34) 
Mechanical   snow  plows  discussed, 

1911.  Kreisel-Schneeschauf el« 

(Organ  fur  die  Fortschritte  des   eisenbahnwesens.,Hef t  17,1, Sept., 
1911,5,297) 

Decsription  of  a  type  of   snow  shovel, 

1911,  Gysel.E* 

Die  Schneeschleudermaschine  der  Borninabahn. 
(Schweizerische  Bauzeitung,no,5,29   Juli,1911,S.59) 
Description  of   heavy  rotary   snow  plows. 


*-' 


'     '      .  .  ,       i 

^  •<         [q   *«ir:  .•  _  .    •  •..-/./.•.  - '.-.  . 


, , 


\  •         ' ' 

}        r:  •'-,•• 

'   M     ft*   :- 


;..'.•  *  i  - ;  ;-  •  i  - - 


. .. '  •"'-•' '}• 
.  i  t ..   .  -     -.  ^ •- 


•     "" 


.'i*    ''.--••      -f: 


"^ 


.  .:. 
-  "  1    . 


,  v.,   ;     ;    S-:  '      -•  ».--».:        -' 


..  •    I    " 


:.     •"      '   : 

'          < 


Winter 
Service 
-53- 
Europe,cont*d. 

1912*  Robinson, TJE* 

Fighting  snow  on  the  NER, 

(Northeastern  railway  magaz  ine,  v.2:55-57;March,l9l2) 
Methods  used  on  Northeastern  rai Iway, England. 

1912.  Imhof,K. 

Die  Lawin-3nverbauungen  der  Berner  Alpenbahn  Bern-Lotschberg- 
Simplon. 

(Zeitschrift  des  Osterreichischen  Ingenieur-  und  Architekten- 
Vereines[Vienna]fnos»51  and  52,  December  20,27tl9l2,p«801,l7 ) 
Avalanche  protection  on  Swiss  railways. 
Illustrated. 

Describes  the  extremely  heavy  construction  required  on  this 
road  with  precautions  taken  to  prevent  slides. 

1913.  Bur ri, Franc  is  Xavier. 

Gebirgwaldes  und  eisenbahnen* 
(Schweizerische  bauzeitung, February  15,1913) 

A  study  of  the  interrelation  of  the  protection  afforded  by 
forests. 

1914*  The  Lotschberg  snow  plough* 

(Railway  ga zette, no -4f  January  23, 1914, p. 106  ) 

Doecription  of  the  special  type, used  on  this  famous  Alpine 

1914.  Sanio. 

Die  Hilfsmitte}  d^r  Eisenbahn  im  Kampf  gegen  Schneeverwehungen* 
(Deutsches  Eisenbahnwesen,  no. 2 .February, 1914,5. 25 ) 
Methods  used  by  railways  in  fighting  snow. 

1914.  Rotary  snow  plough-  Lotschberg  railway* 

(Engineering  [London]v.ll7: 460 ; April  24,1914) 
Type  used  on  this  famous  Alpine  railway. 

1916*  The  railways  and  the  blizzard. 

(Railway  gazette, v, 24: 394-96; April  7,1916) 

Operation  difficulties  on  English  railroads  during  a  severe 
blizzard. 
Illustrated*. 


„...       -j    v   •-  -'-  '•'         '•  n  ;          '    • V  Vs.    .  . 

....     .  . 

"'"..*'  r:  ••   -          •  ••    .  -  .- 


-' 

.          . 
•-  •        .  v  •   .  r 


, 


^ 


'         '        '      '! 


. 


RETURN     CIRCULATION  DEPARTMENT 

TO—  ^      202  Main  Library 

LOAN  PERIOD  1 
HOME  USE 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

ALL  BOOKS  MAY  BE  RECALLED  AFTER  7  DAYS 

Renewals  and  Recharges  may  be  made  4  days  prior  to  the  doe  date. 

Books  may  be  Renewed  by  calling     642-3405. 


DUE  AS  STAMPED  BELOW 

fen 
CO        Ml 

—  «  —  <yr—  "r- 

00        3 

1      esj    5 

I—  S-* 

FORM  NO.  DD6 


BERKELEY,  CA  94720 


®s 


YE   17184 


438(82 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


